Term
| Strep pyogenes (10 things) |
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Definition
1.Has lancefield antigen
2. beta hemolytic
3.gram positive cocci in chains
4. catalase negative
5.complications include meningitis, acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, and scarlet fever
6. essential viral factor is M protein in membrane degrading C3b
7.exotoxins cause scarlet fever, TSS, and necrotizing fascitis
8. bacitracin (A disc) sensitive
9. treated w/ penicillin or erythromycin
10. scarlet fever producing strain infected w/ T12 plasmid and glomerulonephritis is from M12 plasmid |
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Term
| seven bacteria that cause pneumonia |
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Definition
1.s. pneumoniae
2.Legionella
3.H. influenzae
4.Mycoplasma
5.Chlamydia
6.Klebsiella
7.Pseudomonas aerignosa |
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Term
| 10 things about S. pneumoniae |
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Definition
1.gram positive diplococcus
2.thick capsule is #1 virulence factor
3.alpha-hemolytic
4.#1 cause of pneumonia in alcoholics
5.rusty colored sputum
6.#1 cause of meningitis in adults
7.susceptible to P disc (optochin) and bile solubility
8. treat w/ penicillin, macrolides or SXT
9. immunity requires Ab against capsule
10. produces lobar pneumonia |
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Term
| 10 things about corynebacterium diptheria |
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Definition
1.gram positive rod w/ chinese letter colony pattern
2.preferably grown on tinsdale or loeffler's medium
3.cataase positive
4.characteristic grayish-white pseudomembrane on the tonsils
5. possible cellulitis w/ bull neck appearance
6. produces A-B toxin that blocks EF-2 and thus block protein synthesis
7.Diagnosis is entirely clinical
8.prevented with DTaP vaccine
9.Treated with penicillin/erythromycin and antitoxin
10.high mortality even w/ treatment |
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Term
| 10 things about H. Influenza |
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Definition
1.Gram negative coccobacilli
2.grows on chocolate agar b/c not capable of hemolysis
3.capsule made of polyribitol phosphate (PRP) associated w/ virulence
4.Cause of meningitis under 2 y/o and epiglottitis in children 2-5 y/o
5. no exotoxins
6. symptoms ->epiglotittis (thumb sign), retraction of intercostals, SOB
7. Coccobacillus on chocholate agar and not blood agar -> H. influenza
8.prevented w/ vaccine
9.Treat w/ 3rd gen cephalosporin
10.immunity is via anticapsular Ag |
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Term
| 13 things about bordetalla pertussis |
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Definition
1. small gram negative rod
2.encapsulated and aerobic
3.growth on chocolate blood agar shows "mercury" drop like colonies
4.causes WHOOPING COUGH
5.generally a disease of infants
6. 3 stages. catarrhal (infections), paroxymal (coughing), and convalescence
7. No seasonal pattern
8. Pertussis toxin - AB toxin causing ADP ribosylation of Gi protein increasing cAMP levels
9. other toxins: adenylate and tracheal toxin
10. severe coughing -> brain hemorrhage
11. death of ciliated cell cause accumulation of mucus
12. death is from secondary pneumonia
13. Treated w/ erythromycin |
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Term
| 10 things about Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
1. AFB positive
2. cell wall has n-glycolyl muramic acid and mycolic acid
3. produces niacin and heat sensitive catalase
4. grown on lowenstein-Jensen medium
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| 1o things about Bacillus anthracis |
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Definition
1. gram postive rods w/ central spore growing in chains
2. catalase positive
3. non hemolytic
4. 2 virulence factors. AB toxin causing increase cAMP and d-glutamic acid polypeptide capsue that is non antigenic
5. on blood agar shows uneven "medusa" head surface, in high CO2 ->mucoid
6. lysis of blood agar by infection w/ gamma phage
7. pXO1 plasmid encodes AB toxin and pXO2 encodes capsule
8. factor I (edema factor) - increases cAMP. Factor II (protective Ag). Factor III (lethal factor)
9. mediastinal hemorrhagic lymphadenitis is key pathological feature
10. vaccination is effective prevention
11. Treated w/ penicillin or doxycycline/fluuroquinilone |
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Term
| 10 things about Yersinia pestis |
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Definition
1.spread by the rat flea
2.gram negative bipolar "safety pin" appearance
3.oxidase negative
4. Virulent plasmid "Yop" stops cytokine production, platelet aggregation, inhibits phagocytosis
5.colony appears grey/white fried egg or hammered copper appearance
6. Seen in the four corners
7. in lymph nodes -> hemorrhagic suppurative lymphadenitis "bubo"
8. seeding of lung -> necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia "plague"
9. F1 capsular protein -> antiphagocytic
10. Treat w/ streptomycin immediately |
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Term
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Definition
1.Gram + or weakly AFB +. differentiating from Actinomyces
2. branching hyphae pattern
3. colony on regular medium show dry wrinkled orange appearance
4. can be gram negative w/ intracellular gram + beads
5. found only in immunocompromised pt
6. colony smells like wet dirt
7. causes lung cavitation and extension into pleura
8. may spread to brain -> focal neurological symptoms
9. Treat w/ sulfonamides
10. no known virulent factors |
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Term
| 10 things about rhodococcus |
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Definition
1. non AFB staining
2.cocci to bacilli
3. Facultative intracellular pathogen
4. colony show mucoid salmon-pink color
5. found in immunocompromised pt
6. high mortality
7. shows disseminated symptoms (vs neurological for nocardia)
8. shows bilateral cavition
9. treated w/ combination drugs but preferentially vancomycin and quinolone
10. |
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Term
| 6 things about rhinovirus |
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Definition
1. non-enveloped SS RNA virus
2. time. or if concomittant lung disease -> pleconaril
3. attaches to respiratory epithelium via ICAM-1
4. Infected cells lose ciliary motion
5. humans are only source of infection
6. Children are more susceptible
7. grows well at low temp and low pH. |
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Term
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Definition
1. double stranded DNA virus
2. withstands high and low pH in bile and can build up in gut or swimming pool
3. sore throat and pink eye is basically diagnostic.
4. may see exudative pharyngitis and can be confused with S. pyogenes.
5. in young boys may cause hemorrhagic cystitis
6. inflammation is primarily mononuclear cells (macrophage and lymphocytes)
7. cells may appear larger, rounded, and clustered with smudgy inclusion body
8. may be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
Causes SARS
Look for geographic distribution to clue you in |
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Term
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Definition
Lower respiratory viral infection
8 segment genome
Hemaglutinin - binds to receptors on ciliated epithelial cells
Neuraminidase destroys receptors hemaglutinin binds to
(H1N1)
Also has ion transport channel protein that is target of amantadine and rimantadine.
Strain A is most severe and crosses species barrier. B is purely human.
Antigenic drift -> epidemic
antigenic shift -> pandemic
pathogenic mechanism is the death of the ciliated cell.
Rapid diagnostic is detection of Ag by ELISA. |
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Term
| top 4 deadly secondary bacterial infections in flu patients |
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Definition
s. pneumonia
s. aureus
s. pyogenes
h. influenza |
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Term
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Definition
| after infection by flu or measles and pt takes aspirin (salycilates). then gets fatty liver and cerebral edema. |
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Term
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Definition
dead vaccine, two A's and one B strain in the injection.
flumist is live attenuated virus (not for kids under 6) |
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Term
| cxomplications with flu vaccine? |
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Definition
| guillan-barre - ascending polyneuropathy |
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Term
| Amantidine and rimantidine mechanisms |
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Definition
| blocks M2 ion channel protein on virus preventing uncoating and assembly. Effective against strain A w/ resistance reported |
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Term
| Oseltamivir and zanamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor) |
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Definition
| treat both strains and no resistance reported. blocks release of new virons |
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Term
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Definition
causes croup in young children and infants
has surface F protein (fusion), and neuramidase and hemaglutinin
Type 1 causes croup by laryngeotrachitits.
diagnosed by serology (like most viruses) |
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Term
| diagnosis and treatment for parainfluenza? |
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Definition
| diagnosed by serology and no established treatment |
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Term
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Definition
no H or N but does have F protein for fusion and G protein for viral attachment to host cells
neighboring cells fuse together to form syncitium
less than 1 y/o suffers during mid-winter.
diagnosed via DFA, IFA, and ELISA
no vaccine but do have monoclonal antibody |
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Term
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Definition
no vaccine. has monoanticlonal antibody called palivizumab
if underlying heart disease, give antiviral ribavirin |
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Term
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
aka four corner disease
aka sin nombre disease |
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Definition
vector is deer mouse
pt will have history of being in the wild
virus has 3 segments
rapidly develop massive pulmonary edemas is if they are drowing. Mechanism unknown.
look for atypical lymphocyte, low platelet count, and left shift.
treat symptomatically with dobutamine |
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Term
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Definition
does not have ergosterol which confers resistance to most fungal medications.
therefore you give antibacterial such as bactram and TSX, bactram.
present like a chronic pneumonia. Leads to hypoxia/perfusion and will become dusky colored.
2nd largest cause of HIV death ultimately from respiratory failure.
immunity is via CMI |
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Term
| how do diagnose Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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Definition
sputum will not reveal anything. must do BAVL
must use silver methanamine stain to diagnose. |
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Term
| coccidioides immitis (san jaquin vally fever) |
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Definition
barrel shapped jointed spore. dimorphic fungus.
soil must be mentioned cause it resides there.
can cause lung cavitory lesions.
can be easily confused with TB or COPD pt with histoplasma.
differentiation is subQ nodules. typically on shin |
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Term
| treatment for san jaquin valley fever? |
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Definition
amphotericin B and fluconazole (IV)
highly toxic.
cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic. |
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Term
| histoplasma capsulatum (ohio fever) |
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Definition
found in east USA. dimorphic. grows at 37 adn 25 degrees.
no capsule
micro and macro conidia ***
macrophage filled with budding yeast.
narrow neck is histo.
same symptoms of other respiratory pathogens.
infects reticuloendothelial system and hepatospleenomegaly.
typically in cave explorers (bats) and bird exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
fumigatus is the one that causes disease
in air ducts of hospitals to infect immunocompromised pt.
BRANCHING SEPTATE HYPHAE. with characteristic conidia.
grows blue-green on peptone agar.
allergic form is not alarming.
invasive is almost always deadly.
not dependent on Th1, depends on innate. therefore pt must have innate deficiency. |
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