Term
| THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ___________ ADJUSTS THE RATE OF _________ VENTILATION ALMOST EXACTLY TO THE BODY'S DEMANDS, THUS ARTERIAL PO2 AND PCO2 ARE HARDLY _________ EVEN WITH MODERATE TO INTENSE EXERCISE OR OTHER RESPIRATORY DISTRESS. |
|
Definition
AUTOMATICALLY
ALVEOLAR
MODIFIED |
|
|
Term
| THE RESPIRATORY CENTER IS COMPOSED OF _______ GROUPS OF NEURONS LOCATED __________ IN THE _____ STEM OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)SPECIFICALLY AT THE BRAIN _________ AND ____. |
|
Definition
SEVERAL
BILATERALLY
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
PONS |
|
|
Term
| DORSAL RESP. GROUP: DORSAL PORTION OF _______ ________. MAINLY ___________. |
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Definition
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
INSPIRATION |
|
|
Term
| VENTRAL RESP. GROUP: ______________ PORTION OF MEDULLA. ________ OR __________ DEPENDING ON THE _______ STIMULATED. |
|
Definition
VENTROLATERAL
INSP
EXPIR
NERVES |
|
|
Term
| ___________ CENTER: __________ LOCATED IN THE PONS. ______ AND _______ OF BREATHING. |
|
Definition
PNEUMOTAXIC
DORSALLY
RATE
PATTERN |
|
|
Term
| THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE IN CONTROLLING RESP. IS PLAYED BY THE ______ RESP. GROUP WHICH ________ INFORMATION FROM THE ____________, ____________ AND OTHER RECEPTORS IN THE _____ THAT HELP IN THE CONTROL. |
|
Definition
DORSAL
RECEIVES
CHEMORECEPTORS
BARORECEPTORS
LUNGS |
|
|
Term
| THE SIGNAL TRANSMITTED TO THE _________ _________ MUSCLES (DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS) IS A _____ SIGNAL |
|
Definition
PRIMARY INSPIRATORY
"RAMP" |
|
|
Term
RAMP SIGNAL WHICH STARTS FROM _ AND CONTINUES WITH A STEADY ________ FOR ABOUT _ SECONDS.
STOPS FOR _ SECONDS AND STARTS
AGAIN THUS CAUSING A STEADY ________ IN THE __________ VOL DURING _________.
INSTEAD OF ________ GASPS |
|
Definition
0
INCREASE
2
3
INCREASE
PULMONARY .
INSPIRATION
INSPIRATORY . |
|
|
Term
THE DURATION OF _________ IS DETERMINED BY THE DURATION OF INSPIRATION.
THE ___________ CENTER
_______ THE DURATION OF _________ AND _________ THE RESPIRATORY RATE.
STRONG SIGNALS FROM THIS CENTER _______ THE ____ OF __________ WHILE _____ SIGNALS INCREASE IT. |
|
Definition
EXPIRATION
PNEUMOTAXIC
LIMITS
INSPIRATION
INCREASES
REDUCE
TIME
INSPIRATION
WEAK |
|
|
Term
THE ______ GROUP IS MOSTLY INVOLVED IN
________ LEVELS OF __________. |
|
Definition
VENTRAL
INCREASED
VENTILATION |
|
|
Term
THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF RESP. IS TO MAINTAIN PROPER ___, ___ AND ____ IN
THE _______, SOMETHING ACHIEVED BY THE RESP. _______. |
|
Definition
[H+], [O2] AND [CO2]
TISSUES
ACTIVITY |
|
|
Term
INCREASED __ AND CO2 ________ STIMULATE THE ________ CENTER CAUSING ________ OF THE _________ AND EXPIRATORY SIGNALS.
__ DOESN’T HAVE A DIRECT EFFECT ON THE CENTER BUT ACTS THROUGH THE _________ __________ LOCATED IN THE _______ ____ __________ ______. |
|
Definition
H+
DIRECTLY
RESP
INCREASE
INSPIRATORY
O2
PERIPH. CHEMORECEPTORS
CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES. |
|
|
Term
| AFTER FRESH O2 GETS TO THE ALVEOLI, THE NEXT STEP IS ITS ________ INTO THE _________ BLOOD AND ___ IN THE _________ DIRECTION. |
|
Definition
DIFFUSION
PULMONARY
CO2
OPPOSITE |
|
|
Term
“THE NET DIFFUSION OF A GAS IN ONE DIRECTION IS A ______ EFFECT OF ITS _______ _________” AND ITS
PRESS. ________ A SURFACE IS CAUSED BY THE _________ IMPACT OF ________ ________ MOLECULES AGAINST THAT SURFACE => THE TOTAL PRESS. OF A GAS IS ________ PROPORTIONAL TO THE ___________ OF THE GAS MOLECULES. |
|
Definition
DIRECT
CONC. GRADIENT
AGAINST
CONSTANT
KINETICALLY MOVING
DIRECTLY
CONCENTRATION |
|
|
Term
| AIR => __ % N2 + ___% O2 WITH A TOTAL PRESS. AT SEA LEVEL = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ GAS CONTRIBUTES TO THE TOTAL PRESS. IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO ITS ___________. |
|
Definition
EACH
[ ]
I.E. 79% CAUSED BY N2 = 600 mmHg
21% CAUSED BY O2 = 160 mmHg |
|
|
Term
PARTIAL PRESS. OF N2 (PN2) = ____ ___
PARTIAL PRESS. OF O2 (PO2) = _____ __
TOTAL PRESS.= ? |
|
Definition
600 mmHg
160 mmHg
SUM OF ALL PART. PRESS. PO2, PCO2, PN2, PH2O |
|
|
Term
GASES DISSOLVED IN H2O OR THE BODY TISSUES ALSO EXERT _________ BECAUSE THE DISSOLVED MOLECULES ARE MOVING __________ AND HAVE ________ ENERGY.
WHEN THEY ENCOUNTER A ________ LIKE THE MEMB. OF A CELL, THE RESULT IS THE SAME.
THE PRESSURE OF A GAS IN A SOLUTION IS DETERMINED NOT ONLY BY ITS ________
BUT ALSO BY THE ___________ COEFFICIENT OF THE GAS. |
|
Definition
PRESSURE
RANDOMLY
KINETIC
SURFACE
CONC
SOLUBILITY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRESSURE= DISSOLVED GAS/SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENT |
|
|
Term
WHEN PRESS. IS EXPRESSED IN ATMOSPHERES (1 atm = 760 mmHg) AND CONC. IN VOLUME OF GAS DISSOLVED IN EACH VOL. OF H2O,
THE SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENT
AT BODY TEMP.: ? |
|
Definition
| O2 = 0.024; CO2 = 0.57; CO = 0.018; N2 = 0.012; He2 = 0.008 |
|
|
Term
THE ______ PRESS OF ____ GAS TENDS TO
_____ MOLECULES OF THAT GAS INTO SOLUTION FIRST IN THE __________ MEMB AND THEN IN THE _____ OF THE __________ ___________.
SAME THING HAPPENS CONVERSELY.
THE RATE AT WHICH THEY ESCAPE FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER IS DIRECTLY ___________ TO THEIR _________ ________ IN THE ______.
THE NET ________ IS DETERMINED BY THE __________ BETWEEN THE TWO _______ ________. |
|
Definition
PARTIAL
EACH
FORCE
ALVEOLAR .
BLOOD
ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES
PROPORTIONAL
PARTIAL PRESSURE
BLOOD
DIFFUSION
DIFFERENCE
PARTIAL PRESSURES |
|
|
Term
IF PARTIAL PRESS. OF A GAS IN THE _________ (O2) IS _______ THAN IN THE BLOOD IT WILL GO TO THE _______.
IF IT'S HIGHER IN THE BLOOD (CO2), IT WILL ESCAPE TO THE ________.
THE NET DIFFUSION OF _____ THROUGH FLUIDS IS CAUSED BY PRESS. DIFFERENCE.
THE GAS PRESS. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO AREAS IS KNOWN AS _________ _________ FOR DIFFUSION. |
|
Definition
ALVEOLI
HIGHER
BLOOD
ALVEOLI
GASES
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE |
|
|
Term
THE ALVEOLAR AIR _______ THE SAME COMPOSITION OF THE ___________ AIR DUE TO:
--ALVEOLAR AIR IS ONLY ___________
REPLACED WITH ______ BREATH
--O2 IS GOING TO THE ______
--CO2 IS ______ FROM THE BLOOD
--____ ATMOSPHERIC AIR THAT ENTERS
THE RESP. PATHWAYS IS
IMMEDIATELY _____________ EVEN
BEFORE REACHING THE _________. |
|
Definition
HASN'T
ATMOSPHERIC
PARTIALLY
EACH
BLOOD
COMING
DRY
HUMIDIFIED
ALVEOLI |
|
|
Term
| PRINT AND MEMORIZE SLIDE 22 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ONLY ____ ml OF AIR IS BROUGHT INTO THE ALVEOLI WITH EACH ______ BREATHING, BEING THE SAME AMT. OF ___ ALVEOLAR AIR _________, IMPLYING THAT ONLY ____% OF THE ______ AIR IS REPLACED BY NEW ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH EACH _____. AT A _____ RESPIRATORY RATE (± 12/MIN) IN ABOUT ____ SEC., ______ THE GAS IS REMOVED. THE _____ REPLACEMENT OF ALVEOLAR AIR IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT ______ SUDDEN CHANGES IN THE ________ IN THE BLOOD, MAKING THE RESP. CONTROL MECHANISMS MUCH MORE ______. |
|
Definition
350 ml
NORMAL
OLD
EXPIRED
14
ALVEOLAR
BREATH
NORMAL
17
HALF
SLOW
PREVENTS
[GASES]
STABLE |
|
|
Term
VENTILATIQN-PERFUSIQN RATIO
NORMAL VALUES:
pO2 IN AIR = ___ (IN NORMAL AIR)
ALVEOLI = _____
VENOUS = _____
pCO2 IN AIR = _____
ALVEOLI = _____
VENOUS = ______ |
|
Definition
159 mmHg
104 mmHg
40 mmHg
0.3 mm Hg
40 mmHg
46 mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Va/Q
Va = ___________
Q = ____________
THERE COULD BE AREAS WITH GOOD _________ BUT POOR __________ AND AREAS WITH GOOD _________ BUT POOR ________. |
|
Definition
(ALVEOLAR VENTILATION)
(BLOOD FLOW)
PERFUSION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
PERFUSION |
|
|
Term
| IF Va IS _______ FOR A GIVEN ALVEOLUS AND Q IS ALSO ______ FOR THE SAME ALVEOLUS, THE _____ IS NORMAL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IF Va/Q = 0 (NO VENTILATION)
=>PCO2 IS ______ AND PO2 IS ______
THE SAME AS ______ BLOOD
IF Va/Q = (NO PERFUSION)
PCO2 IS _____ AND PO2 IS _____
THE SAME AS _______ AIR.
IF Va/Q IS NORMAL:
PO2 IS ______: ______ (INSPIRED AIR)
_______ (VENOUS BLOOD)
PCO2 IS ______: _____ (VENOUS BLOOD)
______ (INSPIRED AIR) |
|
Definition
45 mmHg
40 mmHg
VENOUS
0 mmHg
159 mmHg
INSPIRED
104 mmHg
159 mmHg
40 mmHg
40 mmHg
45 mmHg
0.3 mmHg |
|
|
Term
NOT ALL THE BLOOD GOING TO THE _____ GOES THROUGH THE ALVEOLI,
± __ OF THE ____ WILL GO TO THE ________ VESSELS AND ALSO SOME OF THE BLOOD GOING TO THE ALVEOLI GOES THROUGH ALVEOLI WITH ________ Va/Q RATIO.
THE AMT. OF THIS BLOOD (WHICH IS _____ OXYGENATED) PER ______ IS KNOWN AS
___________ ________ SHOWING
Va/Q = _______ NORMAL. |
|
Definition
LUNGS
2%
CO
BRONCHIAL
ABNORMAL
NOT
MINUTE
PHYSIOLOGIC SHUNT
lower than |
|
|
Term
IF Va/Q = ____ THAN NORMAL => Va IS GOOD BUT Q IS _____ =>
MORE O2 AVAILABLE THAN CAN BE __________ AND THE VENTILATION OF THESE ALVEOLI IS SAID TO BE _______.
BESIDES, THE VENTILATION OF THE _____ ______ _____ AREAS OF THE RESP. PATHWAYS IS _____ TOO.
THE SUM OF THESE TWO TYPES OF ______ VENTILATION IS KNOWN AS... ? |
|
Definition
higher
LOW
TRANSPORTED
WASTED
ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
WASTED
WASTED
PHYSIOLOGIC DEAD SPACE. |
|
|
Term
ONCE O2 DIFFUSES FROM THE ALVEOLI, IS
TRANSPORTED BY THE BLOOD, COMBINED
WITH HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) WHICH INCREASES THIS TRANSPORT _________ TIMES COMPARED TO SIMPLY _______.
PO2 IN ALVEOLI > _____ > ______ AND FOR ___ IS THE OTHER WAY AROUND. |
|
Definition
30 TO 100
DISSOLVED
BLOOD
TISSUES
CO2 |
|
|
Term
WITH EXERCISE, A PERSON WILL REQUIRE AS MUCH AS ___ _____ THE AMT. OF O2 AND THE INCREASE CO => _______ IN THE TIME _______ REMAINS IN THE ___________.
=> BLOOD OXYGENATION _______ BUT THE GREAT SAFETY FACTOR FOR O2 DIFFUSION THROUGH THE ________ ______ MAINTAINS THE BLOOD __________ ________ WITH O2. |
|
Definition
20 TIMES
DECREASE
BLOOD
CAPILLARIES
SUFFERS
PULMONARY MEMB.
ALMOST SATURATED |
|
|
Term
O2 COMBINES WITH Hb IN A _____ WAY AND WHEN PO2 IS _____ (ALVEOLI)
=> O2 ____ WITH Hb BUT WHEN PO2 IS LOW (TISSUES)
=> O2 IS ______ FROM Hb. |
|
Definition
REVERSIBLE
HIGH
BINDS
RELEASED |
|
|
Term
PO2 IN ARTERIES IS ± ____ mmHg ,
THE USUAL ____ ____ OF ART. BLOOD IS ± ___% |
|
Definition
|
|
