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Gas exchange between atmosphere and lungs. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood. |
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Tiny air sacs located at the end of respiratory passages. Part of the O2 / CO2 exchange process (diffusion) between the air and blood. Smallest units for gas exchange. |
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Air that fills respiratory passges where gas exchange does not occur such as the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. |
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Air passageway kept open by rings of cartilage connected by smooth muscle. Warms and humidifies air. Leads to the Bronchi.
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Surface surrounding each lung. The outer membrane is called the parietal pleura, inner the visceral pleura. Inbetween the membranes is intrapleural fluid. |
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Most important muscle for inspiration. During contraction is pushes the abdominal contents downard and pushes the ribs upward and outward increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| External Intercostal Muscles |
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Definition
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When air enters the the pleural space through a hole in the chest wall or lungs. This causes the pleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure and the lung collapses. |
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Prevents both lungs from collapsing during a pneumothorax. |
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Definition
Excess air in the lung caused by loss of elasticity of the lung tissue from destruction of structures supporting the alveoli. Small airways often constrict during exhalation obstructing outflow of air. Often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, lung cancer, or tobacco smoke. |
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Definition
| Volume entering or leaving lungs during a normal single breath |
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| Process of bringing air in and out of lungs. Divided into Dead-space ventilation and alveolar ventilation. |
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Definition
Total volume of air moved into the lungs per unit time. Equals Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate |
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Definition
Volume of air that reaches alveoli per unit time. Equals: [Tidal Volume - Anatomic Dead Space Volume] * Respiratory Rate |
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Definition
| Measure of change in volume for a given change in pressure. Increasing makes it possible to change more volume with less pressure. |
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Definition
| The seperation between the inspiratory and expiratory pressure/volume curves. |
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Surface material lining the alveoli that interfere with the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli. Produced in type II alveolar cells. Helps alveoli stay open, stay dry, and reduces work of breathing.
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Definition
Alveolar ventilation increased beyond metabolic needs. Increases PO2 |
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Term
| Hypoxia-Induced Vasoconstriction |
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Definition
When blood flow is cut off from alveoli containing low airway PO2 in favor of perfusing other well ventilated alveoli. |
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Definition
| Ratio relating ventilation to perfusion. Measurement of the efficiency of gas exchange. Upper portions of lung tend to be over ventilated while lower portions tend to be over perfused. |
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Definition
| Composed of Alveolar epithelium, interstitium and capillary endothelium |
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Definition
Contains Fe that is able to be reversibly combined with O2 for transport.
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Definition
Total amount of oxygen contained in 100 ml of blood. |
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| Hemoglobin - O2 Disassociation Curve |
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Definition
Relates partial pressure of oxygen PO2 to percentage oxygen saturation. At levels below 70 mmHG PO2 small increases of PO2 result in large changes in % saturation (unloading zone), while above 70, changes in PO2 result in little change in % saturation (loading zone).
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Definition
| Partial pressure that produces a 50% saturation of hemoglobin with O2. |
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Found in muscle, composed of 153 amino acids and one atom of iron. Provides oxygen reserve. Much greater affinity to oxygen than hemoglobin (higher saturations at lower PO2.
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Definition
| Connects the Diaphragm to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| Connects external intercostal muscles to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| Protects lungs from overinflation by connecting pulmonary stretch receptors in the small airways to the inspiratory neurons. |
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Definition
Located in large airways, stimulated by smoke noxious gases, particulates in inspired air. Cause coughing, muscus secretion, bronchoconstriction, breath-holding.
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Definition
| Chemosensitive cells of carotid body. Roughly spherical in shape and occur in clusters. |
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| Support to Glomus Cells, similar to glia cells. |
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Definition
| Transport of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues |
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Definition
| Air passageway containing less cartilage. In between Trachea and Bronchioles. |
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Definition
| Air passageway where cartilage disappears in favor or more smooth muscle. |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| Maximally inspired volume of air over resting TV |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| Maximally expired volume of air over resting TV. |
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Definition
| Minimum volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration. |
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Term
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) |
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Definition
| Max air volume inspired at end of normal expiration. |
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Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
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Definition
| Air volume in lungs at end of normal passive expiration |
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Definition
| Max air volume moved out after max inspiration. Equals IRV + TV + ERV. Max volume changes possible by lungs. |
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Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
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Definition
| Max air volume lungs can hold. Equals VC + RV |
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Definition
| Alveolar Ventilation decreases below metabolic needs. Increases PCO2 |
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Definition
| % of total hemoglobin bound with oxygen. |
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Definition
| Located in the medulla next to the respiratory center. Sensitive to changes in cerebral spinal fluid [H+] |
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| Labored or Difficult Respirations |
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Definition
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| Failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea |
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Definition
| Hyperresponsiveness of the bronchiolar smooth muscle. Causes difficulty with breathing, especially during inhalation phase. |
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Definition
| Incomplete expansion of the lung or a portion of the lung. Causes varying degree of dyspnea and hypoxia. |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| Combination of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli become filled with exudates. Oxygenation of the patient decreases and becomes hypoxemic. |
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