Breathing Process

The intake of 02 and removal of C02, makes it possible to use the nutrients obtained from digestion

1) intake of 02 and exhaling of C02

2) transport of gases involves diffusion into and transport by hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the circulatory system

3) blood supplies every body cell with 02 and picks up waste C02

For breathing process

to continue...

There must be a constant supply of O2 and removal of CO2 at the cellular level. 

This process requires the combined efforts of the circulatory and respiratory system

Since they are restricted to one part of the body, the circulatory system must be involved in transporting the gases to and from the body cells

Located in the chest cavity and is bounded at the bottom by the diaphragm. 

The nasal cavity,pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Branches of finer tubes called bronchioles and the grapelike clusters of alveoli

Gas exchanges occurs across the respiratory surfaces, made of epithelial tissue,found in alveoli

In all but the alveoli and smallest bronchioles, a thin film of mucus helps eliminate dust,pollen,etc, the covers this tissue. 

The beating of the cilia moves these substances up and out of the lungs to be swallowed

The 02 in inhaled air dissolves in a film of moisture lining the alveoli, then diffuses across the epithelial cells and into a web of capillaries that surrounds the aveolus

CO2 diffuses the other way

Can be consciously controlled, but most of the time the automatic control center in the brain regulates breathing movements

The control centers are in the base of the brain and about 10-14 times/min, nerves from those areas signal the diaphragm and rib muscles to contract

With an increased cellular respiration, the amount of CO2 in the blood increases.

CO2 forms an acid which drops the pH of the blood, this change is sensed by the brain and increases the rate and depth of breathing, to bring back the pH to normal

Gas transport in

circulatory system

Right side of heart pumps  O2-poor blood and CO2-rich blood from the body to the lungs

Left side pumps O2-rich blood and CO2-poor blood from lungs to rest of the body

O2 is not very soluble in water so hemoglobin in red blood cells carries O2 molecules using iron atoms in the protein.

Can also carry some CO2 and buffers the blood keeping it at a fairly constant pH

Nitrogen-containing wastes come mostly from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids 

Removing this is difficult for animals 

Is the nitrogenous waste released by fish, is very toxic and highly soluble in water

NH3

Mammals excrete waste in this form, it is soluble in water and not very toxic 

Liver maintaining

homeostasis in body

Removes toxic substances from blood

Regulates glucose levels in blood by storing excess amounts of it

Prepares nitrogenous waste (ammonia into urea) that will be disposed by the kidneys

Major role in

excretory system

Blood moves through these, they are millions of blood-filtering units found in kidneys

Substances smaller then cells are filtered out of the blood 

This structure reabsorbs back into the blood any substances needed by the body, and the remaining undesired substances are released as urine

It moves from the kidneys then through the ureters to the urinary bladder

It then moves from the urinary bladder to the urethra to be released 

Receptor (monitor): during dehydration, osmoreceptors of hypothalamus respond to low water level in blood

Control center (evaluator): Hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Effector (changer): kidneys retain water and therefore the urine volume will decrease

Carries blood to the kidney

The blood has nitrogenous waste that need to be removed

filters the waste from the blood, the fluid is now called filtrate. 

Proteins and cells remain in the blood

Blood in these capillaries reabsorbs any nutrients in the filtrate that escaped in to glomerolus. 

The waste remain and finally the filtrate is now considered urine