Term
| O2 utilization and CO2 production is the basis of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
___ processes involving moving O2 from the atmosphere into the blood and CO2 from the blood into the atmosphere
___ - moving O2 from blood into cell and using O2 in mitochondria to produce ATP |
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Definition
external resp
internal resp |
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Term
| Where is the transition between the conducting system and the respiratory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Elastic forces on the lung and chest wall work to __ the lung and ___ the chest wall |
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Definition
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Term
| At FRC, what is the relationship between Palv and Patm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Boyle's Law: When volume decreases, pressure ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Wht is the driving force for ventilation? |
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Definition
The difference between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure
Patm - Palv
If atm > alv -- inspiration
Stops when atm = alv
When atm < alv -- expiration |
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Term
How does inspiration happen?
Lower Alveolar pressure by ___ alveolar volume by expanding lung by ___ intrapleural volume which ___ intrapleural pressure, which ___ lung volume due to decreased outward force of lung |
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Definition
increase
increase
decrease
increase |
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Term
| Elasticity depends on what two factors |
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Definition
elastin fibers in alveolar wall
alveolar surface tension (main factor) |
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Term
| What counteracts surface tension? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to surfactant concentration when the volume of an alveolus decreases? |
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Definition
it increases
fixed # of surfactant molecules, but its concentration increases and decreases relative to alveolar radius |
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Term
| Respiratory distress syndrome |
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Definition
| infants born before 7 mos have no surfactant and alveoli collapse |
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Term
___ = quantity of air that can be forecfully expired in one second beginning from TLC
___ = quantity of air that can be forcefully expired beginning from TCL |
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Definition
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Term
___ - amount of fresh air that enters the alveoli each minute
___ - |
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Definition
| alveolar ventilation (Va) |
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Term
| If you double breathing frequency without changing minute volume, what happens to TV? What happens to the % of anatomical dead space? |
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Definition
TV is cut in half
dead space % increases |
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Term
| Dead space is always __ ml |
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Definition
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Term
| Dalton's law of partial pressures |
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Definition
| the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture on a surface is the sum of the pressures of each individual gas |
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Term
| Normal Percent Pressures of atm gases |
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Definition
Nitrogen = 79.04
Oxygen = 20.93
CO2 - 0.03 |
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Term
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Definition
The quantity of gas that willd dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas about the liquid and it's solubility coefficient in the liquid
--> trout in water |
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Term
| If you hold your breath, what will happen to PO2 and PCO2? |
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Definition
PO2 will go down
PCO2 will go up |
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Term
___ - PO2 is lower than in normal in tissue
___ - PO2 is greater than normal in tissue
___ - PO2 is lower than normal in blood
___ - PCO2 is lower than normal in blood
___ - PCO2 is greater than normal in blood |
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Definition
hypoxia
hyperoxia
Hypoxemia
Hypocapnia
Hypercapnia |
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Term
If you hyperventilate, you will become ___capnic
If you hypoventilate, you will become ___capnic |
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Definition
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Term
The amount of O2 dissolved in plasma is determined by ___
At sea levels, __ mlO2 will disolve in the plasma of a liter of blood |
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Definition
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Term
Normal Hb ranges for Females and males
One g Hb binds __ mlO2 when saturated |
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Definition
Females: 120-150 g/L blood
Males: 130-160 g/L blood
1.34 |
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Term
| What happens to a pt's blood pH if they hold their breath? |
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Definition
| pH goes does, H+ goes up -- pts becomes acidotic |
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Term
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Definition
| When O2 is high, CO2 affinity for Hb is low |
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Term
Lowered atmo PO2 = lower alv PO2 = lower alv O2 content
How does the body compensate for this? |
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Definition
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Term
| During quiet breathing, only the __ nerve and __ nerve are active. ___ nerve is quiet. |
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Definition
phrenic and ext intercostal
int intercostal |
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Term
| Resp control centers in medulla and pons |
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Definition
Medulla - ventra group (VRG) - 2/1 exp/ins neuorns and dorsal group (DRG_ -mostly insp neurons
Pons - pontine group - insp and exp |
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Term
In the VRG, expiratory neurons stimulate/inhibit internal intercostal nerve
In DRG, expiratory neurson stimulate/inhibit internal intercostal nerve |
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Definition
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Term
Chemoreceptors in the carotic arch and bodies (peripheral CR) respond directly and indirectly to changes in ___
Chemoreceptors in medulla (central CR) respond indirectly to changes in __ and directly to changes in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
What happens when changes occur in chemoreceptors in medulla?
CPG will cause changes in breathing rate driven by:
CO2 increases in CSF, bicarbonate rxn is driven to right/left, H+ conc is increased/decreased, CPG increases ventilatory drive |
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Definition
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Term
Hyperventilation drives down PCO2 and increases pH, resulting in ___.
Hypoventilation drives PCO2 up and decreases pH, resulting in ____ |
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Definition
respiratory alkalosis
respiratory acidsosi |
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Term
____ disorders are when the lungs aren't as compliant as they should be. example? VC will be lower than normal
___ disorders ar when airway resistance is too high
an FEV/FVC ratio would be lower than normal <80%). Example? |
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Definition
restrictive disorder - pulmonary fibrosis
obstructive - asthma |
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