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| is the process by which voice, or laryngeal tone, is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced. Modification occurs through the pharynx, the nasal cavity, and the oral cavity. |
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| is part of the upper airway and located superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx. The size and shaped are modified by the position of the tongue in the mouth and the vertical positioning of the larynx in the neck. |
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| energy from the vibrating vocal folds is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract. |
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| refers to movements of speech structures to produce speech sounds. |
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| Structures that modify sounds for speech |
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| pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, and cheeks. |
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| adds noticeable resonance only to the nasals, /m/ /n/ and /ing/ |
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| Also known as the velum. It is a flexible structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. |
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| small, coned-shaped structure at the tip of the velum/ |
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| when the soft palate is raised and retracted, the muslces of the pharynx also move foward to meet the muscles of the soft palate. |
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| primary elevator of velum |
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| tenses velum, dilates eustachian tube |
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| elevates and depresses the velum |
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| narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx |
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| bony structure on the roof of the mouth. |
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| front portion of the maxillary bone. Houses the four upper front teeth known as the incisors. This portion may fail to fuse with the maxillary bone causing clefts of the palate in utero. |
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| forms most of the hard palate and consists of two pieces of bone that grow and fuse at the midline during the fetal stage. This portion may also fail to fuse at midline causing clefts of the palate in utero. |
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| outer edges of the maillary bone which houses the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth. |
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| here the soft palate attaches. |
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| lower jaw, which houses the lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth. Formed by the fusion of two bones at the midpoint of the chin. |
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| bumpy ridges that are part of the mandible that house teeth. |
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| mandible is attached to the temporal bone of the skull by this joint. |
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| elevates mandible, draws mandible back if protruded |
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| thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue. |
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| a small region adjacent to the tip, in a resting position, it lies just inferior to the alveolar ridge. |
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| large area of the tongue that lies in contact with both the hard and soft palates. |
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| the very back and bottom portion of the tongue. |
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| Lingual Frenulum (frenum) |
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| connects the mandible with inferior portion of the tongue. |
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| Superior longitudinal muscle |
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Definition
| shortens tongue, turns tip upward, assists in turning lateral margins upward. |
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| Inferior longitudinal muscle |
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Definition
| shortens tongue, pulls tip downward, assists in retraction. |
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| Narrow and elongate tongue. |
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| Forms the bulk of the tongue, is able to retract tongue, draw tongue downward, draw entire tongue anteriorly to protrude tip or press tip against alveolar ridges and teeth. |
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| draws tongue up and back, may draw sides of tongue upward to help make dorsum concave. |
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| retracts and depresses tongue |
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| some consider it a muscle of the velum, but it helps elevate the tongue, but depresses the velum. |
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| Primary muscle of the lips. |
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| The cheeks are primarily composed of this muscle. Constricts oropharynx; moves food into grinding surfaces of molars |
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| pulls lower lip out, wrinkles and elevates chin. |
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| depressor labii inferioris |
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| pulls lips down and out to dilate orifice |
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| helps to press lower and upper lips together; depresses corners of mouth |
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| retracts and elevates angle of mouth |
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| orbicularis oris inferioris and superioris |
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| pulls lips together, seals lips, serves as point of insertion for other muscles, interacts with other muscles to produce facial expressions. |
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| draws corner of mouth upward and toward medial. |
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| levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
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