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Allows theoretical propositions to be tested.
Suggests an answer to the research question
Provides the reader with an understanding of the researcher's expectation. |
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| The action of two variables in conjunction with each other. Ex. Daily weight loss is greater for adults who follow a reduced calorie diet and exercise daily than those who do not follow a reduced calorie diet and do not exercise daily. |
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May read as "Ho".
Predicts no relationship.
Is statistically analyzed. |
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May read as "H1".
States expected relationship between variables.
Can be directional or nondirectional. |
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States the direction of the relationship.
Makes a prediction between variables.
Comes from conceptual/theoretical frameworks or previous research. |
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Guides the research design.
Dictates the type of statistical analysis to be used.
Advances scientific knowledge.
Supports or fails to support the tested theory. |
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Predicts a relationship between variables.
Does not predict direction of relationship. Ex. There is a relationship between serotonin levels and SIDS. |
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Definition
| Nondirectional Research Hypotheses |
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Predicts the direction of the relationship.
Makes the researchers' expectations clear.
Allows precise statistical testing. Ex. People who smoke are more likely to develop lung cancer than those who do not. |
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| Directional Research Hypothesis |
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The study has no theory to base the prediction on.
Previous research studies may be contradictory. |
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| Nondirectional Research Hypotheses |
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| A statement of predicted relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Ex. Cigarette smoking is related to lung cancer. |
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| Sources or Rationale for hypotheses |
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Definition
Theories.
Personal experience.
Previous research studies. |
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| How do you generate a hypotheses? |
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Definition
Inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning. |
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Definition
Simple
Complex
Research Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis |
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Term
| In hypotheses predictions are based on ______ and can be tested __________. |
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Definition
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| Research hypotheses is ________ or _________. |
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Definition
| directional or nondirectional |
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| The relationship between one independent and one dependent variable. Ex. Birth weight is lower in infants of alcoholic mothers than among infants of nonalcoholic mothers. |
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| Two or more independent variables, two or more dependent variables, or both. Ex. More postpartum depression and feelings of inadequacy are reported by women who give birth by c-section than those who deliver vaginally. |
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Evaluates the Null Hypothesis.
Significance level in nursing at or below 0.05. |
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| Research questions may be used when? |
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Definition
In place of hypotheses in some studies.
In addition to hypotheses related to other areas of interest concerning the study topic. |
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| Guidelines for Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions: |
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Definition
Does the study contain a hypothesis or hypotheses?
Is each hypothesis clearly worded and concise?
Is the hypothesis written in a declarative sentence?
Is each hypothesis directly tied to the study problem? |
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| Guidelines for Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions: |
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Definition
If there is a clearly defined study framework, is each hypothesis derived from this framework?
Does each hypothesis contain the population and at least two variables? |
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| Guidelines for Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions: |
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Definition
Is each hypothesis stated as a directional research hypothesis? If not, is the rationale given for the type of hypothesis that is stated?
Is it apparent that each hypothesis can be empirically tested?
Does each hypotheses contain only one prediction? |
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| Guidelines for Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions: |
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Definition
If the study contains research questions, are the questions precise and specific?
Do the research questions further delineate the problem area of the study? |
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Definition
Be written in a declarative sentence.
Be written in the present tense.
Specify the Population to be studied. |
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Definition
Reflect the problem statement or the purpose statement.
Contain all of the variables.
Be empirically testable. |
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| Hypothesis Format includes: |
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Definition
A correlational statement.
A comparative statement.
Promotes statistical analysis of data.
Uses predictive terms. |
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Term
| The use of Hypotheses in the testing of theories... |
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Definition
Used to test propositions of a theory.
Cannot be proved or disproved. |
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| If Null Hypothesis is rejected, the research hypothesis is_______. |
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| If research Hypothesis supported, theory __________. |
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| If research hypothesis not supported, theory ________. |
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Definition
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| When are hypotheses NOT needed? |
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Definition
In qualitative studies
In single variable descriptive studies
In methodological studies |
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| When are hypotheses needed? |
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Definition
| When the relationship between variables is being studied. |
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