Term
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Definition
| When the influence of the extraneous variable is different for the various groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| If groups are equivalent on every variable except for one, then that one variable is the cause of the difference between the groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Control technique that equates groups of participants by ensuring every member an equal chance of being assigned to any group |
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Term
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Definition
| Randomly assigning a smaple of individuals to a specific number of comparison groups |
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Term
| Step 1 for Random Assignment |
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Definition
| Number the participants from 0 to 19. This is your list or research participants with thier identification numbers. |
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Term
| Step 2 for Random Assignment |
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Definition
| Block the list of random numbers into columns of two, because the maximum number of participants you have is a 2 digit number. Exhibit 7.1 |
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Term
| Step 3 for Random Assignment |
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Definition
| Randomly select the first group of 10 participants by reading down the 1st of 2 columns until you come to a number less than 20. in exhibit 7.1 "00" is the 1st, therefore your 1st person in the 1st group. Proceed down the columns until you encounter the other numbers < 20. When you reach the bottom of the 1st 2 columns start at the top of the next 2 columns. (if you encounter a number that has already been selected, you must disregard it. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you have to randomly assign the research participants to more than two groups continue step 3 for the 3rd and subsequent groups. However, the last group will be the remaining participants. (if you have 2 groups, you randomly assign for the 1st then the remaining ones are in group 2) |
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Term
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Definition
| After you have obtained the same number of groups as there are treatment conditions, the groups should ideally be randomly assigned to the treatment conditions. (example has two groups) This is accomplished by using only one column of the tavle of random numbers because there are only two groups of participants. The groups are 0 and 1. Proceed down the 1st column, you can see that the first number less than 2 is 0, so group 0 (the 1st group of participants) is assigned to the 1st treatment group. Therefore the remaining participants are in group 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using any of a variety of techniques for equating participants on one or more variables. (the strength of matching is that is ensures that participants in the different groups are equated on the matching variables) |
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Term
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Definition
| The extraneous variable used in matching |
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Term
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Definition
| Control of measured extraneous bariables during data analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| A matching technique that matches participants on the basis of the temporal sequence of administering an event |
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Term
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Definition
| A matching technique in which each participant is matched with another participant on selected variables |
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Term
| Frequency distribution control |
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Definition
| A matching technique that matches groups of participants by equating the overall distribution of the chosen variable (major disadvantage is that the combinations of variables might be mismatched in the various groups, this exists only if matching is conducted on more than one variable) |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique used to control for sequencing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequencing effect arising from the order in which the treatment conditions are administered to participants |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequencing effect that occurs when perfomance in one treatment condition affects performance in another treatment conditon |
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Term
| Randomized counterbalancing |
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Definition
| Sequence order is randomly determined for each individual |
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Term
| Intrasubject counterbalancing |
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Definition
Administering the treatment conditions to each individual particpant in more than one order
(used when each participant receives all levels of the IV more than one time, this is also the disadvantage of this method)
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Term
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Definition
| Administering different sequences to different groups of participants |
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Term
| Complete Counterbalancing |
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Definition
| Enumerating all possible sequences and requireing different groups of participants to take each of the sequences. The limitation to this is that when a number of treatment conditions is large the number of possible sequences becomes unwieldy. |
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Term
| Incomplete Counterbalancing |
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Definition
| Enumerating fewer than all possible sequences and requiring different groups of participants to take each of the sequences (each treatment condition must appear an equal number of times in each ordinal position. Also each treatment conditon must precede and be followed by every other conditon an equal number of times) |
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Term
| Differential Carryover effect |
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Definition
| A treatment condition affects participants' performance in a later condition in one way and in another way when followed by a different condition. |
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Term
| Double-blind placebo method |
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Definition
| Neither the experimenter nor the research participant is aware of the treatment condition administered to the participant |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving the participant a bogus rationale for the experiment |
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Term
| Retrospective verbal report |
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Definition
| An oral report in which the participant retrospectively recalls aspects of the experiment (a type of control of participant interpretation) |
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Term
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Definition
| An interview of the participant after the experiment is over (a method of control of participant interpretation) |
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Term
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Definition
| A participant's oral report of the experiment, which is obtained as the experient is being performed (a method of Control of Participant Intrepretation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of participants who are stopped and interviewed at different stages of the experiment (a method of Control of Participant Interpretation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtaining a participant's perceptions of the experiment after completion of each trial (a method of Control of Participants Interpretation) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method that requires participants to verbalize their thoughts as they are performing the experiment (a method of Control of Participant Interpretation) |
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Term
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Definition
| The biasing influence that can be exerted by the experimenter |
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Term
| Control of Recording errors |
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Definition
| Errors resulting form the misrecordng of data (can be minimized if person recording the data remains aware of the necessity of making careful ovservatons, by using multiple observers, keeping the data recorders blind regarding experiment conditions, but the best is to have responses recorded by some mechanical or electronic device. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method whereby knowledge of each research participant's treatment condition is kept from the experimenter (A Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error method) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method whereby knowledge of each research participants's treatment condition is kept from the experimenter through as many stages of the experiment as possible (A Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error method) |
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Term
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Definition
| The technique of totally automating the experimental procedures so that no experimenter-participant interaction is required. |
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Term
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Definition
The outline, plan or strategy used to investigate the research problem
Specifies such things as how to collet and analyze the data |
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Term
| Weak Experimental Designs |
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Definition
| Designs that do not control fro many extraneous varibales and provide weak evidence of cause and effect |
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Term
| One-Group Posttest Only Design |
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Definition
| Administration of a posttest to a single groups of participants after they have been given an experimental treatment condition(is rarely useful because design allows no evidence of what the participants wuld have scored on the DVs had they not received the treatment)(primary disadvantate is that we cannot know if the IV influenced the DV) |
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Term
| One-group Pretest-Posttest Design |
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Definition
| Design in which a treatment condition is interjected between a pretest and posttest of the DV (primary disadvantate is that we cannot know if the IV influenced the DV) |
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Term
| Posttest Only design with nonequivalent groups |
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Definition
| Design in which the performance of an experimental group is compared with that of a nonequivalent control group at the posttest.(the only way to ensure that the groups are equated is to assign participants randomly to the two groups. The next best is to match on relavent variables. Still it does not exclude possible selection effects from the treatment effect, this is still considered a weak design) |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of participants that does not recieve the active treatment condition and serves as a standard of comparison for dterminining wheather the treatment condition produced any cusal effect. (This is a Strong Experimental Research Design) This also serves as control for rival hypotheses |
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Term
| Experimental Group (or Treatment Group) |
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Definition
| The group of participants that receives the treatment condition that is intended to produce an effect |
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Term
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Definition
| What the experimental group participants' responses would have been if they had not received the treatment |
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Term
| Strong Experimental Design |
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Definition
| Designs that effectively control extraneous variables and provide strong evidence of cause and effect. |
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Term
| Between-Participant Designs |
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Definition
| Groups are produced by random assignment, and the different groups are exposed to the different levels of the IV (also called randomized designs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Between-Participants designs in which participants are randomly assigned to groups |
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Term
| Posttest-only Control-group design |
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Definition
Administration of a posttest to two or more randomly assigned groups of participants that receive the different levels of the IV (provides necessary equivalence on extraneous variables by randomly assigning participants to two or more groups)
Weakness-is doesn't provide complete assurance that the necessary equivalence has been attained, also due to lack of pretest, it lacks the potential benefits of including a pretest as a way to to check on the sucess of the randomization process, and it lacks the increased statistical power associated with the inclusion of a pretest. |
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Term
| Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design |
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Definition
| Administration of a posttest to two or more randomly assigned groups of participants after the groups have been given a pretest and administered the different levels of the IV. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical procedure in which group means are compared after adjusting for pretest differences (to statistically control for the pretest differences) provides for a more accurate and pwerful test of the differences between the experimental and control growup posttest scores. Meaning that is the experiment has an impact this design is slightly more likely to pick up on the impact due to inclusion of a pretest. |
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Term
| Advantages and disadvantages of Including a pretest |
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Definition
Advantage-1)Allows greatest assurance possible of initial comparability of research participants; it is not infalliable 2)Inclusion of measurement of additional variables during pretest also enables the researcher to check to see if the relationship between the IV and DV depends on the participants' status on other potentially important IVs 3)The researcher can determine if there is a possibility for ceiling effect 4) Analysis of covariance to statistiacally control for pretest differences 5) to gain an empriical demonstration of whether the treatment condition succeeded in producing a change in the research participants
Disadvantage-1)The participants might change in some ways because of they were given the pretest 2) The results might generalize only to those who have taken a pretest |
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Term
| Within-participants design |
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Definition
| All research participants are members of all experimental condtitions in the experiment. (also called repeated measures designs) |
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Term
| Within-participants posttest-only design |
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Definition
| All participants receive all conditions and a posttest is administered after each condition is administered |
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Term
| Strengths and Weakness of Within-Participants Designs |
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Definition
Strength-1) Because participants serve as their own control, and variables such as age, gender, and prior experience remain constant over the entire experiment. (in other words if all participants are in all conditions the conditions can't differ becuase some kinds of people are in one condition but not in another) 2) does not require as many participants as the between-participant design, since all participants receive all treatment conditions only one group is required whereas the between groups require a group times the number of treatment conditions.
Weakness-1) Can be taxing on participants 2) the confounding influence of a sequencing effect. counterbalancing controls only for linear sequencing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more IVs are studied simultaneously to determine their separate and joint effects on the DV |
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Term
| Between-Participants variable |
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Definition
| Type of IV where the different participants receive different levels of the IV (i.e, particpants experience only one level of the IV) |
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Term
| Within-Participants variable |
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Definition
| Type of IV where all particpants receive all levels of the IV |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of levels of two or more IVs |
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Term
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Definition
| The average score of participants in a single cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The average score of all participants receiving one level of an IV (ignoring averages across the levels of the other IV) |
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Term
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Definition
| The influence of one IV on the DV |
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Term
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Definition
| The joint, combined, or "interactive" effect of two or more IVs on the DV |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect of one IV on the DV varies with the different levels of the other IV |
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Term
| Factorial design based on a mixed model |
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Definition
| a factorial design that uses a combinatin of within-participants and between-participants IVs |
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Term
| Weaknesses of Factorial Designs |
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Definition
| Weakness 1) When the number of IVs increase the number of participants must increase 2) incorporating more than two IVs increases the difficulty of simultaneously manipulating the combinations of the IVs. (i.e., in an attitude study it is harder to simultaneously manipulate the credibility of the communicator, type of message, gender of communicator, prior attitudes of the audience, and intelligence of the audience
3) arises when higher-order interaction effects are significant. (as in three-way reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| A two way reaction that changes at the different levels of the 3rd IV. |
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Term
| Strengths of Factorial Designs |
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Definition
| Strengths 1) Allows the experimenter to manipulate more than one IV simultaneously in an experiment, therefore more precise hypotheses can be tested 2) Researcher can control a potentially confounding variable by building it into the design as an IV 3) Enables the researcher to study the interactive effects of the IVs on the DV (this is probably the most important advantage because it enables us to hypothesize and test interactive effects.4) It is this testing of interactions that lets researchers investigate the complexity of behavior and see that behavior is caused by the interaction of many IVs. |
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Term
| Factors to consider in choice/construction of the Appropriate Experimental Design |
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Definition
1)The nature of the research problem
2)the specific research question
3) The extraneous variables that must be controlled
4) The relative advantages and disadvantages inherent in alternative designs (Experimental research is appropriate for research questions concerning cause and effect and randomized or strong designs are the best experimental designs available) |
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Term
| Factors to consider in constructing a complex design |
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Definition
1)Should I use a control group
2)Should I use multiple comparison treatment groups (to compare more than one active treatment)
3) Should I use a pretest
4) Should I use just one or multiple pretests (to establish a stable base line)
5) Should I use just one or multiple posttests to get a stable treatment effect or identify delayed outcomes
6) Should I use a within-participant or a between participant IV or use both
7) Should I include multiple theoretically interessting IVs in the design (as in factorial design)
8) Should I include more than one DV (to see how the treatment affects several different outcomes |
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Term
| Procedure for Conducting an Experiment |
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Definition
1) Institutional Approval a)IACUC for animals Istitutional Animal CAre and Use Committee b) IRB-Institutional Review Board
2) For Both you must prepare a research protocol that details all aspects of the research including the type of participants, the procedures that will be employed
3)Then obtain the participants
Sample size is how many are needed to test the hypothesis adequately based on design, variability of data, the type of statistical procedure to be used
4) Apparatus and/or instruments for measurement
5)Procedure
6)Scheduling of research participants
7)Consent to participate-Informed consent
8) Instructions
9) Data Collection
10) Debriefing or Postexperimental Interview |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability of rejecting a false-null hypothesis (power increases as the number of participants increase as does the cost in both time and money) |
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Term
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Definition
| The magnitude of the relationship between two variables (IV and DV) in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Prior to conducting study you need to plan and specify all of the procedural detals that you will need to carry out. Events must be arranged so they flow smoothly. Must carefully plan the whole experiment and specify sequence in which each activity is to take place, laying down the exact procedure to e followed during data collection. |
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Term
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Definition
| How many participants are needed to teat the hypothesis adequately (must consider Power and Effect size) |
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Term
| Postexperimental Interview |
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Definition
| An interview with the particpant following completion of the experiment, during which all aspects of the experiment are explained and the participant is allowed to comment on the study |
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Term
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Definition
| An experiment that is conducted on a few participants prior to the actual collection of data. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually selected from 3 strains: the Long-Evans hooded, the Sprague-Dawley albino, and the Wistar albino. Researcher must decide on strain, sex, aged, and supplier, because each of these variables could have an effect. |
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Term
| Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals |
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Definition
| The animal Welfare Act most recently Amendedin 2007, regulates the care, handling, treatment, and transportation of most animals used in research. This guide was created to assist scientific institutions in using and care for the laboratory animals. |
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Term
| Obtaining Human Participants |
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Definition
| Identify the target participant population, researcher should select from that group, ideally it should be done randomly. but are generally selected on basis of convenience, availability, and willingness to participate. The nature of the way participants were selcted must be reported. |
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Term
| Issues to be considered in scheduling human and animal participants |
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Definition
for example rats are nocturnal animals, to have a more accurate test one might consider testing them during their normal waking hours and not the researchers.
For humans, it must be scheduled when it is convenient for both participant and researcher. There should be allowances made for limited rescheduling. If a participant refuses to reschedule, then a replacement participant should be used. |
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Term
| Information that should be included on the consent form |
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Definition
1) What the study is about, where it will be conducted, the duration of the study, and when the participant will be expected to participate.
2)Shoud list what procedures will be followed, if they are experimental, the attendant discomforts and risks, should be spelled out
3)Any benefits to be derived from participation and any alternative procedures that might benefit the participant
4) If there will be monetary compensation (detailed) including schedule of payment and effect if any on the payment schedule should the participant withdraw or course credit information
5)if there is a questionaire participants should know they can refuse to answer any questions that make them uncomfortable, without penalty
6)For Studies of sensitive topics like depression, substance abuse and such, info should be provided as to resources for help
7)Participants should know they can withdraw at any time without penalty
8) Participants must be informed as to how the records and data obtained will be kept confidential |
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Term
| Purpose of the Consent Form |
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Definition
| To inform the participant of all aspects of the study that might influence his or her decision to participate. Should be in simple, first person, layperson's language. If a minor over 7 the minor must give consent as well as the parent or guardian. The minor should have a consent form written to their level of understanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| When using humans you must prepare a set of instructions. Must include a clear description of the research prupose, or disguised purpose, and the task the participant(s) is(are) to perform. These should be clear and unambigous and specific at the same time, without being too complex. Simple down to earth and maybe even redundant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Follow procedure as closely as possible, if not you run the risk of introducing contaminates into the experiment |
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Term
| Debriefing or Postexperimental Interview |
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Definition
| After the data is collected, an interview with the participants that allows them to comment freely, this can provide information regarding the participants' thinking or strategies used during the experiment, which can help explain their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
1)Ethics dictate you must undo any deceptions
2) Educational function (used to justify requiring the participation of intro psychology students
3)Methodology-as in they provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of the IV manipulation or the deception.
Also used to probe the extent and accuracy of participants' suspicions and to give experimenters an opportunity to convince the participants to not reveal information about the experiment to others. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Questionaire
2) Face to face (the best, not as restrictive as a questionaire)
a) ask if they have any questions and answer completely and honestly as possible.
b) ask how they felt during the experiment and if they encountered difficulties c) if deception was used, ask if they thought there was more to the experiment than was immediately apparent
d)the last part would be used to convince the participant to keep the experiment confidential from others. |
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Term
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Definition
Using a run-through is strongly recommended so that flaws in procedure, deception, strenght of the IV, sensitivity of the DV, smooth transitions, and constancy needed to conduct good research.
If doing an internet study they should take the survey and online tasks.
The pilot phase can identify subtle factors that can influence the study, corrections can be made |
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Term
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Definition
| A plan that specifies all procedural details. Events should be arranged to enable the experiment to flow smoothly. Sequence must be specified. Laying down exact process for collecting data. |
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