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| An organized system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related |
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| is a training model for graduate programs that aspires to train psychologists with a foundation of research and scientific practice. |
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| a database of abstracts of literature in the field of psychology |
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| a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. |
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| a method based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. |
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| also known as an independent ethics committee or ethical review board, is a committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. They often conduct some form of risk-benefit analysis in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be done. |
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| A form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate |
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| a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. |
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| when researchers purposely mislead or misinform the participants about the true nature of the experiment |
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| refers to an experimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation.[ |
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| subjective bias towards a result expected by the human experimenter. |
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| is a phenomenon in which the results of elections, studies, polls, etc. become non-representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome. |
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| an experiment in which the person collecting data knows whether the subject is in the control group or the experimental group, but subjects do not. |
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| an experiment designed to test the effect of a treatment or substance by using groups of experimental and control subjects in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know which treatment or substance is being administered to which group. In a double-blind test of a new drug, the substance may be identified to the investigators by only a code. The purpose of a double-blind study is to eliminate the risk of prejudgment by the participants, which could distort the results. A double-blind study may be augmented by a cross-over experiment, in which experimental subjects unknowingly become control subjects, and vice versa, at some point in the study. |
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| a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation. |
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| The tendency for results to conform to experimenters' expectations unless stringent safeguards are instituted to minimize human bias. |
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| A reliability coefficient determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on two different occasions |
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| A reliability coefficient determined by correlating scores on one half of a measure with scores on the other half of the measure. |
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| A reliability coefficient that assesses the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges |
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| is a coefficient of internal consistency. It is commonly used as an estimate of the reliability of a psychometric test for a sample of examinees. |
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| Nominal Scale of measurement |
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| sometimes also called the qualitative type, differentiates between items or subjects based only on their names and/or (meta-)categorie |
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| Ordinal Scale of Measurement |
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| allows for rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc) by which data can be sorted, but still does not allow for relative degree of difference between them. |
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| interval scale of measurement |
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| allows for the degree of difference between items, but not the ratio between them. |
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| Ratio scale of measurement |
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| takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind |
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| Assumptions for Parametric Statistics |
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| assumes that the data has come from a type of probability distribution and makes inferences about the parameters of the distribution. |
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| Assumptions for Non parametric statistics |
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| distribution free methods, which do not rely on assumptions that the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. |
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| all random variables in the sequence or vector have the same finite variance |
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| Heterogeneity of Variables |
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| a collection of random variables when there are sub populations that have different variabilities from others. |
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| the way in which quantitative data tend to cluster around some value. |
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| Standard deviation squared |
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| A measure of variation, the average difference between the scores in the distribution and the mean or central point of the distribution or more precisely the square root of the average squared deviation from the mean |
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| is any statistical hypothesis test in which the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true, or any in which this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-squared distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough. |
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| also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. |
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| An attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or predict what may occur. |
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| involves observing and measuring things as they are. Naturalistic observation, interview, survey, case history, and psychometric scales are some of the methods used when it is not possible or unethical to manipulate an independent variable. |
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| is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. |
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| a statistical measure of how two securities move in relation to each other. |
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| the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. |
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| is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It can be used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other, and is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known |
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| Manipulating the independent variable in an experiment or any other extraneous variables that could affect the results of the study |
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| Assigning participants to conditions in such a way that each has the same probability as all others of being placed in any condition |
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| A method of generating a random sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen as part of the sample |
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