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research methods test 5
dr. bedard
52
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/06/2009

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Term
Confidentiality
Definition
Information obtained about subjects should remain confidential unless otherwise agreed
Term
Debriefing
Definition
When subjects are told all details of an experiment after they have participated; an ethical obligation of the researcher
Term
Deception
Definition
A research technique in which the participant is misled about some aspect of the project; may be unethical; see double-blind design
Term
Fraud
Definition
"Deliberate bias, in the research process, that includes fabrication of data and plagiarism"
Term
Freedom to withdraw
Definition
Experimenter is ethically obligated to allow subjects to discontinue participation in the research
Term
Informed consent
Definition
Potential subjects must be in a position to decide whether to participate in an experiment.
must inform participants about: the purpose, right to decline, consequences of withdrawal, factors to influence willingness, research benefits, confidentiality, incentives, who to contact
Term
Institutional review board (IRB)
Definition
A board in nearly every United States institution conducting research that oversees the protection of human participants
Term
Plagiarism
Definition
The uncredited use of another person’s words or ideas
Term
Protection from harm
Definition
Ethical researchers protect their participants from any harm
Term
Removing harmful consequences
Definition
Ethical researchers remove any harmful consequences that their participants may have incurred
Term
Replication
Definition
The repetition of an earlier experiment to duplicate (and perhaps extend) its findings; see also systematic replication
Term
Researcher bias
Definition
Deliberate or inadvertent bias in which data are misanalyzed or participants are differentially treated over and above any planned differences in treatment
Term
Speciesism
Definition
"A term used to describe the view that animal life is qualitatively different from human life; therefore, a form of bigotry "
Term
Ceiling effect
Definition
a scale-attenuation effects
Term
Conceptual replication
Definition
Attempt to demonstrate an experimental phenomenon with an entirely new paradigm or set of experimental conditions; see converging operations
Term
Converging operations
Definition
A set of related lines of investigation that all bolster a common conclusion
OR
several independent procedures that support the meaning of an abstract concept
Term
Covariates
Definition
"Variables that covary with a target in statistical analyses, such as regression, that are accounted for in the analysis of the target"
Term
Direct replication
Definition
Repeating an experiment as closely as possible to determine whether the same results will be obtained
Term
Einstellung
Definition
"The effect of expectancy on cognition; for example, if people solve problems in one particular way, they will often approach new problems in the same way even when the original strategy is no longer effective"
Term
Experimental reliability
Definition
The extent to which the experimental results can be replicated
Term
Floor effect
Definition
a scale-attenuation effects
Term
Multiple regression
Definition
A type of regression analysis that uses more than one predictor variable
Term
Personal space
Definition
The “invisible bubble” surrounding a person
Term
Regression artifacts
Definition
An artifact in the measurement of change on a variable when groups of subjects who scored at the extremes on the variable are tested again; see regression to the mean
Term
Regression to the mean
Definition
"Tendency for extreme measures on some variable to be closer to the group mean when remeasured, due to unreliability of measurement"
Term
Replication
Definition
The repetition of an earlier experiment to duplicate (and perhaps extend) its findings; see also systematic replication
Term
Scale-attenuation effects
Definition
Difficulties in interpreting results and patterns of research, when performance on the dependent variable is either nearly perfect (a ceiling effect) or nearly lacking altogether (a floor effect)
Term
Systematic replication
Definition
Repeating an experiment while varying numerous factors considered to be irrelevant to the phenomenon to see if it will survive these changes
Term
Test reliability
Definition
"the consistency of the measures, test-retest reliability parraellel forms and split-half reliability"
Term
Research with Human Participants is Straightforward in principle, but...
Definition
hard to implement
Term
what is Required for federally funded work?
Definition
Human subjects board
Term
Ethical guidelines for researchers list (9)
Definition
Institutional approval – provide accurate info about their studies and obtain approval prior to conducing research
Informed consent –
Informed consent for for recording voices and images
Client/patient, student, and subordinate research participants
Dispensing with informed consent for research
Offering inducements for research
Deception
debriefing
Humane care and use of animals
Term
Inform participant beforehand of all aspects of research that might .....
Definition
influence willingness to participate
Term
You give informed consent only when...
Definition
you understand what you are about to do,
and the possible risks
Term
If you get busted for fraud, ...
Definition
your funding is suspended
Term
5 members or more qualified to review that type of research
Definition
Term
Institutional review board (IRB)
Definition
Oversees protection of humans and animal care
Grants approval
5 members or more qualified to review that type of research
assess risk
Term
minimal risk
Definition
minimal risk means you might encounter this on a daily basis
Term
important in interpreting patterns of research
Definition
replication(reliability) and converging operations (validity)
Term
regression to the mean is likely to occur whenever...
Definition
participants are selected on the basis of high or low scores on some dependent measure
Term
how to guard against regression artifacts?
Definition
random assignment
Term
three types of replication
Definition
direct
systematic
conceptual
Term
the need for converging operations demands that scientific researchon a problem is
Definition
varied
and extensive
Term
what do converging operations do?
Definition
provide validity for concepts and hypotheses
eliminate alternative explanations by two or more operations
Term
statistical reliability
Definition
a mathematical measure of your experiment: are the results due to a manipulation, or due to chance?
Term
converging operational definitions are not static, they are....
Definition
modified as we gather more data
Term
Scale attenuation's scales meaning?
Definition
ceiling their is too much for a scale (weight, intelligence)
floor there is too little for the scale (too little knowledge in group, question too hard, increments not small enough)
Term
Solutions to scale attenuation
Definition
Do not draw strong conclusions about the data
Design experiments to avoid extremes in performance
Modify items based on population
Term
when designing experiments to avoid extremes in performance...(3)
Definition
Design pilot studies to test out the design/measures and then adjust as needed
Modify difficulty of items to address ceiling/floor effects
Term
All psychological measures are subject to some ....
Definition
unreliability/measurement error
Term
in the memory search study, what were the results/summary?
Definition
students were motivated to find memories to support success in critical areas, not priming or demand characteristics
Term
informed consent for treatments
Definition
experimental nature of the treatment
services for the control group
how participants are assigned
alternative treatments if they withdraw
the compensation
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