Term
|
Definition
a process in which an apparently unbiased but not random sample is created
eg. selecting everything nth member from the entire population being studied (every 20th person);
easier to do, and virtually same results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a process of sampling in research that specifies that each person in a population has the same chance of being included as every other person
e.g. like picking names from a hat
(not always representative!) |
|
|
Term
| Stratified Random Sampling |
|
Definition
| a process of sampling in which groups of interest (e.g. male, female, old, young) are identified, then participants are selected at random from these groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A process of sampling in which a number of groups are identified in a population, then some groups are randomly selected for participation in the research project
e.g. pick classes at a university, still an attempt to be random |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonrandom (non-probability) sampling technique that involved using whatever participants can conveniently be studied, also known as an accidental/ haphazard sample |
|
|
Term
| A lot of samples we see are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not know to whom the research generalizes; can only say that a particular result applies to students like the ones studied in that sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a problem in sampling that leads to a non-representative sample because some members of the population are systematically excluded participation; when people who should be included in a sample are not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a non random sampling technique in which subgroups, usually convenience samples, are identified and a specified number of individuals from each group are included in the research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonrandom sampling technique in which participants are selected for a study because of some desirable characteristics, like expertise in some area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonrandom sampling technique in which a research participant is selected who then identifies further participants that he or she know, often useful for finding hidden populations; may begin with a contact in the group of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an error in data collection based on poor measuring instruments or human error that leads to invalid conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the consistency or reproducibility of data collected using the same methodology on more than one occasion; by different individuals, or across different test items |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of consistency of data collected at different points in time; when a measurement yields similar results with repeated testing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the consistency of data across subgroups when the data from a test or other measure instrument are broken down into small segment; e.g. score on even #s, close to score on odd #s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
meaningfulness of research results;
A property of data, concepts, or research findings whereby they are useful for measuring or understanding phenomena that are of interest to a psychologist; not all or none, can vary in degree and across situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a measurement accurately measures the underlying concept that is supposed to be measured; do they measure what a researcher wants to study? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a criteria for assessing causation such that a causal variable must co-vary systematically with the variable it is assumed to cause; two variables changing together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which two measurements that attempt to measure the same hypothetical construct are consistent with one another; if two or more measures really should be positively correlated, are they? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which two measurements that should be assessing different constructs lead to different values;if two measures should not correlate, do they? |
|
|
Term
| Statistical Conclusion Validity |
|
Definition
| the use of the appropriate statistical test; have you used the proper statistical approaches?; have you properly analyzed your data? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the property of data such that research results apply to people and situations beyond the particular sample of individuals observed in a single research setting; do your findings generalize beyond your samples? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which an experiment is designed so that a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable is demonstrated without interference by extraneous variables; is the study well enough controlled to produce a relationship between variables? |
|
|
Term
| In order to have ___________ validity you must first have __________ validity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order for something to be valid it must first be __________ |
|
Definition
| reliable; (can be reliable but not valid, cannot be valid but not reliable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the consistency of observations of a single situation made by different people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a criteria for assessing causation such that the variable assumed to have a causal effect must precede the effect it is supposed to cause; Does the presumed cause come before the presumed effect? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variable that is not of interest to a researcher and that may not be known by the researcher that affects the dependent variable in an experiment, erroneously making it seem that the independent variable is having an effect on the dependent variable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variable that is not controlled by an experimenter but that has a systematic effect on behavior in at least on group in an experiment |
|
|
Term
| Experimenter Bias/ Accidental Bias |
|
Definition
| the tendency of researchers to subtly and inadvertently affect the behaviors of participants by obscuring the true effect of the individual variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fictitious story developed by a researcher to disguise the true purpose of a study from the participants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research design in which the investigator, the participants, or both are not aware of the treatment that a participant is receiving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either the participant or the researcher is not aware of the treatment a participant is recieving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neither the researcher or the participant are aware of the treatment being applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of participants to act differently from normal in a research study because they know they are being observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency on the part of a research participant to act differently from normal after picking up clues as to the apparent purpose of the study; acting different to do what the researcher wants, or try to look good for the study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to feel inadequate or to experience unease when one is being observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of experimenter bias in which characteristics of the researcher like age, sex or race affect the behavior of the participant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of experimenter bias in which attitudes of the researcher affect the behavior of the participant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the characteristic of a research setting such that it resembles the kind of situation that a participant would encounter in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the characteristic of a research setting such that the person participating in a study experiences the psychological state that the research is trying to induce, even if the research setting is artificial, like a laboratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined in terms of the operations used to measure it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple observers will see the same thing; not influenced by our bias; usually operationalized or defined by procedures/ operations |
|
|
Term
| Subject (Participant) Variable |
|
Definition
| an independent variable that resembles a true independent variable but that is created on the basis of some pre-existing characteristics of the participant, as in a quasi experiment (e.g. sex, political affiliation, religious belief) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| independent variable that is induced; e.g. induced depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes with the participant; e.g. gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research project that resembles a true experiment but uses existing grouped data that did not involve random assignment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an independent variable whose different conditions involve differences in a task performed by participants |
|
|
Term
| Instructional Variable (IV) |
|
Definition
| an independent variable whose different conditions involve different instructions given by the researcher to participants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test used to compare two group means or compare a group mean to a population mean to assess whether the differences between means are reliable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a design of research study in which the investigator manipulates more than one independent variable in a single study, with each level of one IV crossed with each level of all other IVs; e.g. gas mileage as a result of car type and gas type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of variance; a family of statistical tests that compare group means across multiple groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used when the researcher knows in advance the groups that they want to compare; compares differences across levels of an independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a comparison difference across levels of an independent variable when the researcher decides to make the comparison AFTER data analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference across groups of a single independent variable that are predictable only by knowing the level of another independent variable |
|
|
Term
| Higher Order Interactions |
|
Definition
| an interaction in a factorial design that involves the joint effects of more than than two independent variables; interactions involving great numbers of IV's |
|
|
