• can be answered from seeing  something
• can be repeated.
• is collaborative

1.Confirmation Bias: we look for evidence that supports our view and  ignore all else

2.Hindsight Bias: we can explain away anything

3.Availability Bias:  We notice things that are easy to notice and not things that are hard to notice

•  
  • Example: when you buy are car and then you notice that car everywhere

editor will send out to people in the field then send you info. Then published….hopefully

Description: who what where when

Perdiction:(correlations) are they relate? With my knows can I find the unknown? What relates to what?

• Don't really care why just want to be able to know what happens next

Explanation: (experioment) what causes?

missing one component of a true study

Reliability = Repeatability

Validity= are you really measuring/manipulating what you are trying to measure

Internal validity: how well can you narrow down your causes // how many explanations can you come up with

External Validity:  how well your findings generalize outside of your study (people, places, times, etc.)

Inter-observer reliability (inter-rater)

 a way to measure your reliability training someone else to look for them

• Observation
• Repeatable

Procedure whereby a concept is defined solely in terms of the observable procedures used to produce and measure it.

Informed Consent:

1. One of most important part
2. Need to know what's going on what they'll be physically doing

 

Coercion vs. Incentive:

3. The amount offered, most of the time you have to offer something but it needs to match the task
   • "Indecent Proposal" the movie (a million dollars for one night)
   • Institutional Review Board (IRB) to make sure that your research is done right. Everything goes through them.

• Expectancy Effects (experimenter bias)
  • Blind observers protect against expectancy

• Reactivity
  • People change their behavior when they know their being watched
  • Natural Observations (watch them in their environment) protects against reactivity

Response Bias

1. Yea-saying
2. Nay-Saying
3. 1. Memory Failure
   2. Inadequate Self-Knowledge
   3. How the items are delivered/phrased

 

Demand Characteristics

• Scientist tell (hopefully un-intentionally) what your hypothesis  is and the subjects will of course naturally react to give you the results you want
• Ex. A study on depression, new technique to control depression, one with old therapy, so they will do what you tell them they are supposed to suspect.

Social Desirability:

• How much you want to please society

Malingering:

• Someone is trying to make themselves look bad

• Physical Traces
  • Like the two examples before

• Archival Research
  • Ex. Being someone seeing what color of jersey looses the most
  • Content Analysis how do I tell what this bundle of info is really saying

are you try you measure what you say you are going to measure

How do we see these

Physiological, nonverbal, verbal reports

Empirical = Observation

How well your getting at the abstract idea you are trying to find/prove // how well you are capturing the idea's behind your variables

• Ex; you do poorly on a test, but it doesn't really show how much you know.

• High internal validity = only one cause
• Low internal validity= many ways to explain outcome