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Research Design/Statistics - Psych GRE
Research Design/Statistics - Psych GRE
66
Psychology
Graduate
02/11/2010

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Cards

Term
Wundt
Definition

founded first psychology laboratory

person

Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition

showed higher mental processes could be studied using experimental methodology by studying memory using nonsense syllables

person

Term
Kulpe
Definition

believed there could be imageless thought and performed experiments to prove it

person

Term
Cattell
Definition

introduced mental testing to the U.S.

person

Term
Binet-Simon test, 1905
Definition

first intelligence test, to assess intelligence of French school children

term/year

Term
Binet
Definition

introduced concept of mental age

person

Term
Stern
Definition

developed equation to compare mental age to chronological age (intelligence quotient)

person

Term
Stanford-Binet Intelligence test
Definition

name of first IQ test after Terman revised it

term

Term
operational definitions
Definition

way in which variables in the experiment are defined so that they can be measured

term

Term
true experiment
Definition

IV manipulated, subjects randomly assigned to groups

term

Term
quasi-experiment
Definition

IV manipulated, subjects not randomly assigned to groups

term

Term
correlational study
Definition
IV not manipulated
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition

researcher does not intervene, measures behavior as it naturally occurs

term

Term
population
Definition

group researcher wishes to generalize results to

term

Term
representative sample
Definition

sample is miniature version of population

term

Term
random sample
Definition

every population member has an equal chance to be selected for sample

term

Term
stratified random sample
Definition

relevant subgroups of the population are randomly sampled in proportion to size

term

Term
between-subjects design
Definition

each subject is exposed to only over level of each IV; assigned randomly to groups

term

Term
matched-subjects design
Definition

matching subjects on the basis of the variable that needs to be controlled

term

Term
within-subjects design
Definition

pair each subject with him/herself by using same subjects in both groups

term

Term
counterbalancing
Definition

done to counteract order effects

term

Term
nonequivalent group design
Definition

control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group; no random assignment

term

Term
demand characteristics
Definition

any cues that suggest to subjects what researcher expects from them

term

Term
Hawthorne effect
Definition

tendency of people to behave differently if they know they are being observed

term

Term
external validity
Definition

how generalizable the results of experiment are

term

Term
descriptive statistics
Definition

concerned with organizing, describing, quanitfying, and summarizing collection of actual observations

term

Term
inferential statistics
Definition

researchers generalize beyond actual observations

term

Term
frequency distribution
Definition

graphic representation of how often each value occurs

term

Term
mean
Definition

measure of central tendency most affected by extreme scores

term

Term
range
Definition

highest score minus lowest score

term

Term
standard deviation
Definition

'average' scatter away from the mean

term

Term
variance
Definition

square of the standard deviation

term

Term
68%
Definition
percentage within 1 standard deviation
Term
96%
Definition
percentage within 2 standard deviations
Term
z-score
Definition

subtract mean of distribution from your score, and divide the difference by standard deviation (negative outcomes are below mean, positive are above mean)

term

Term

mean: 0

SD: 1

Definition

in distribution of z-scores, mean and standard deviation values

numbers

Term
T-scores
Definition

distribution has a mean of 50 and a SD of 10

term

Term
normal distribution
Definition

when mean, median, and mode are identical

term

Term
correlation coefficient
Definition

measure to what extent, if any, two variables are related

term

Term
scatterplot
Definition

graphical representation of correlational data

term

Term
factor analysis
Definition

attempts to account for the interrelationships found among various variables by seeing how groups of variables 'hang together'

term

Term
correlation matrix
Definition

table that shows correlations between various pairs of variables

term

Term
significance test
Definition

researcher is trying to show that the research hypothesis is supported by the data by discounting the null hypotheses - tells probability that observed difference is due to chance

term

Term
5%
Definition

standard criterion of significance/alpha level

number

Term
Type I error
Definition

mistakenly rejecting null hypothesis - same chance of this error as criterion of significance

term

Term
Type II error
Definition

accepting null hypothesis when it is in fact false

term

Term
t-test
Definition

used to compare means of two groups

significance test

Term
ANOVA
Definition

compares between-group variance to within-group variance using F ratio (for more than 2 groups)

significance test

Term
chi-square test
Definition

use when individual observations are names or categories

significance test

Term
meta-analysis
Definition

statistical procedure that can be used to make conclusions ob the basis of data from different studies

term

Term
norm-referenced testing
Definition

involves assessing an individual's performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others

term

Term
domain-referenced testing
Definition

concerned with question of what the test taker knows about a specified content domain (not concerned with how you score in relation to peers)

term

Term
content validity
Definition

concerned with coverage of particular skill/knowledge area that is supposed to be measured

validity type

Term
face validity
Definition

refers to whether or no the test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure

validity type

Term
criterion validity
Definition

has to do with how well the test can predict an individual's performance on established test of same skill/knowledge area

validity type

Term
construct validity/convergent validity
Definition

refers to how well performance on the test fits into the theoretical framework related to what it is you want the test to measure

validity type

Term
discriminant validity
Definition

shows that performance on the test is not correlated with other variables which should not be related

validity type

Term
nominal/categorical
Definition

labels observations with category names

scale of measurement

Term
interval scale
Definition

uses actual numbers (not ranks)

scale of measurement

Term
ordinal scale
Definition

observations ranked in terms of size or magnitude

scale of measurement

Term
ratio scale
Definition

there is true zero point that indicates the total absence of quantity being measured

scale of measurement

Term
aptitude test
Definition

used to predict what one can accomplish through training

term

Term
achievement tests
Definition

attempt to assess what one knows or can do now

term

Term
ratio IQ
Definition

(mental age/chronological age)x100

term

Term
deviation IQ
Definition

indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to same-age peers

term

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