Term
| Properties of the abstract number system |
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Definition
Identity
Magnitude
Equal Intervals
True Zero |
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Term
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Definition
| nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio |
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Term
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Definition
lowest level of measurement
"Naming scales" |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure in order of magnitude |
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Term
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Definition
Properties of ordinal scales in addition to equal intervals between consecutive values on the scale
No true zero point (Like temp.) |
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Term
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Definition
Provides the best match to the number system
Has a true zero
Has intervals between consecutive values |
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Term
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Definition
| help us interpret what the data mean |
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Term
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Definition
| summarize, simplify, and describe large sets of measurement |
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Term
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Definition
A useful way to categorize participants based on more than one variable at the same time.
Ex: gender and political affiliation |
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Term
| What are the purposes of descriptive statistics? |
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Definition
-To describe data with just one or two numbers
-To provide a basis for later analyses using inferential statistics |
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Term
| What are the types of differential statistics? |
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Definition
-Measures of central tendency
-Measures of variability |
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Term
| Measures of Central Tendency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Range
-Average Deviation
-Variance
-Standard Deviation |
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Term
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Definition
| the average squared deviation of each score from the mean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transforms the variance back into the same units as the original scores |
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Term
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Definition
-transformation frequently used in research
-relative score
-score with a mean of zero |
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Term
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Definition
| tells how a participant scored relative to the rest of the participants |
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Term
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Definition
| arbitrary cutoff point used in deciding whether or not something is statistically significant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Inferential Statistics |
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Definition
-The t-Test
-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the size of the difference between the group means in standard deviation units |
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Term
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Definition
| The capability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false |
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Term
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Definition
-NOT an all-or-nothing concept
-measure by quantifying the ability of the measure to predict other variables |
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Term
| What is the relationship between reliability and validity? |
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Definition
| A measure cannot be valid unless it's reliable, but it can be reliable without being valid. |
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Term
| What are the types of reliability? |
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Definition
-Interrater Reliability
-Test-retest Reliability
-Internal Consistency reliability |
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Term
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Definition
| index of the consistency of ratings between separate raters |
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Term
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Definition
| Index in the consistency in scores over time |
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Term
| Internal Consistency Reliability |
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Definition
| Index of the homogeneity of the items of a measure |
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Term
| What are the limitations of naturalistic research? |
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Definition
-poor representativeness
-poor replicability
-ex post facto fallacy
-experimenter bias
-experimenter reactivity
-ethical principles |
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Term
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Definition
| unwarranted causal conclusions from the observation of a contingent relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| any impact the researcher's expectations might have on the observations or recording of those observations |
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Term
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Definition
| any impact the researcher's expectations might have on the observations or recording of those observations |
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Term
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Definition
| any action by researchers that tends to influence the response of participants |
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Term
| Primary ethical concerns in naturalistic observation |
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Definition
| confidentiality, researcher's access to sensitive material, and participants' informed consent |
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Term
| Value of low-constraint research |
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Definition
-natural flow of behavior
-exploratory research
-unexpected events might provide new insight
-familiarize us with events, participants, or settings that are new to us
-enhance gneeralizability of research findings
-case studies |
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Term
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Definition
| Any aspect of the measuring instrument that limits the ability of the instrument to make discriminations at the bottom of the scale |
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Term
| What are ceiling effects? |
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Definition
| Any aspect of the measuring instrument that limits the ability of the instrument to make discriminations at the top of the scale |
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Term
| How are the scale attenuation effects related to effective range? |
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Definition
| Ceiling and floor effects decrease the effective range |
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Term
| What is the difference between frequency distribution and grouped frequency distribution? |
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Definition
| Frequency distribution deals with individual scores; grouped frequency distribution lists the frequency of the scores in equal-sized INTERVALS |
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Term
| Who is considered the father of clinical psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "tail" toward zero; scores clumped around higher numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| "Tail" toward the right; scores clumped around lower numbers |
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Term
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Definition
-helps avoid negative numbers & zero
-easily converted into percentile rank |
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Term
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Definition
| distorts the scores so that the observations do not accurately reflect reality |
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Term
| What is the best way to reduce measurement error? |
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Definition
| Develop a well-thought-out operational definition of the measurement procedure and diligently use the operational definition in the research |
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Term
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Definition
| a definition of a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure and/or manipulate it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Records which may provide information about events that have already occurred (school records, marriage & divorce records, driving records, census data, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon of participants behaving differently than they might normally because they know that they are being observed |
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