Term
|
Definition
nasal cavity and sinuses
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx |
|
|
Term
| Where does gas exchange occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the eustachian tube do? |
|
Definition
| leads to ear canal, allows to equalize pressure |
|
|
Term
| where do the external nares lead into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rt and lft chambers in the opening of the nose (contain vibrissae hairs as a filter) |
|
|
Term
| There are 3 shelf-like bones projecting as lateral walls. what are they called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the concha/turbinates? |
|
Definition
| increase surface area for filtering, warming and humidifying of inhaled gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains mucus from sinus cavities (below the concha) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the cavities and sinuses obtain surface fluid? |
|
Definition
| provided by the goblet cells and submucosal glands |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the nasal from the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| palatine process of the maxilla |
|
|
Term
| which epithelium layer lines the oral cavity, larynx, and anterior 1/3 nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which epithelium contributes to the trachea and bronchioles and latter 2/3 of nose (where you see mucus)? |
|
Definition
| psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what layers are in the simple cuboidal epithelium? |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles to terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| which set of airways are are before the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| respi and terminal bronchioles are last sets before aveoli |
|
|
Term
| how thick is the simple squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what epithelium layer contains the alveoli and capillaries? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary |
|
|
Term
| functions of the sinuses? |
|
Definition
reduce weight of head
strengthen skull
modify the voice during phonation
produces mucus |
|
|
Term
| an infection can affect mucus how? |
|
Definition
| produce more mucus and in turn become trapped due to swelling |
|
|
Term
| what portion of the tongue has a gag reflex to protect the airway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aspiration will lead to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tonsils are made of what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| funtion of the tonsils and 3 types? |
|
Definition
| immunologic defense; pharyngeal, palatine, lingual |
|
|
Term
| where are the pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils located? |
|
Definition
phary- nasopharynx (adenoids)
pala- oral cavity
ling- base of tongue |
|
|
Term
| where does the laryngopharynx lie behind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscular membranes act as a source of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 portions of the pharynx |
|
Definition
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| nasopharynx consists of what? |
|
Definition
eustachian tube opening to ears
pharyngeal tonsils |
|
|
Term
| the oropharynx consists of what (from uvula to tip of epiglottis)? |
|
Definition
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
vallucula |
|
|
Term
| where specifically is the vallecula located? |
|
Definition
| space between the wall of pharynx and epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| which pharynx and nerves produce the gag reflex? |
|
Definition
| laryngopharynx; sensory 9th cranial nerve ( glossopharyngeal) and motor 10th cranial nerve (vagus) |
|
|
Term
| is the pharynx soft or hard tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relative positions of oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx are major determinants of what? |
|
Definition
| patency, particularly in an unconscious patient |
|
|
Term
| what in the airway can occur if the patient's head tilts forward? |
|
Definition
| partial or total occlusion |
|
|
Term
| what position should the head be in to open the airway and facilitate artificial airway insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the process of oral intubation, what type of tube will be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acts as a pathway
protective mechanism against aspiration
speech (vocal cords) |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal structure of a larynx? |
|
Definition
9 cartilages
single: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
vocal cords
glottis |
|
|
Term
| where is the adam's apple located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some symptoms of croup? |
|
Definition
drooling
barking cough
swollen epiglottis
swollen trachea tissue below the vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| what is the ventilatory function of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| abduct/adduct of the vocal cords with inspiration and expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is the valsalva manuever? |
|
Definition
| pushing up against the vocal cords will stimulate a vagal response; tachycardic pt take laxatives to not stimulate the vagus |
|
|
Term
| lower airways begin with what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the conducting zone is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are generations in the structures of the lungs divided? |
|
Definition
| divided in each section of the LRT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a gel layer within the epitheial lining |
|
|
Term
| the submucosal/bronchial glands are parasympathetic innervated and produce how many ml of mucus/day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lamina propia contains what? |
|
Definition
| bld vessels, vagus nerve endings, smooth muscle fibers, and mast cells |
|
|
Term
| the epitheial lining consists of: |
|
Definition
basement membrane
basal cells
goblet cells
submucosal/bronchial glands
lamina proopia
psuedostratified ciliates columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| mucus contains two layers: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of sol layer of mucus |
|
Definition
thin secretions
adjacent to the cilia |
|
|
Term
| gel layer characteristics |
|
Definition
viscous
close to interluminal surface |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of immune response |
|
Definition
cellular immunity
humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitized lymphocytes responsible for tissue rejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circulating antibodies also known as immunoglobins which defend against circulating antigens |
|
|
Term
| types of circulating antibodies |
|
Definition
| lgA, lgG, lgM, lgD, and lgE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical mediators of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| types of chemical mediators: |
|
Definition
| histamine, heparin, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor (PAF), slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), eosinophillis cemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) |
|
|
Term
| What is the chain reaction of antigen exposure? |
|
Definition
antigen exposure
specific lgE release
lgE attaches to mast cell
second exposure
lgE interaction ruptures mast cell
chemical mediators released |
|
|
Term
| immunologic mechanisms results in: |
|
Definition
increased vascular permeability
smooth muscle contraction
increased mucus production
vasodilation with edema |
|
|
Term
| order of the structure of the lungs |
|
Definition
trachea
L & R main bronchi (lungs)
lobar bronchi (lobes 3R, 2L)
segmental bronchi (bronchopulmonary segments)
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
resp. bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli |
|
|
Term
| the trachea extends below the cricoid cartilage to sternal angle and has the length and diameter of what? |
|
Definition
| 11-13cm in length and 1.5-2.5cm diameter |
|
|
Term
| trachea has how many c-shaped cartilages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the c-shaped cartilage and forms the posterior wall in the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true of false. the carnia has A LOT of nerve endings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rt and lft mainstem bronchi bifurcate at what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rt bronchus branches at a 20-30 degree angle. due to this angle, what happens? |
|
Definition
| due to this angle, most foreign aspirate goes to the rt lower lobe |
|
|
Term
| what angle does the lft branches sit at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the number of lobes and segments for the lft and rt lungs? |
|
Definition
rt- 3 lobes, 10 segments
lft- 2 lobes and 8 or 10 segments |
|
|
Term
| true or false. each segment is supplied by a segmental bronchus and further divides numerous times until the conduction airways end in terminal bronchioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false. all airways up to the terminal bronchioles constitute anatomical dead space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronchioles, alveoli sacs and ducts |
|
|
Term
| resp broncioles have two functions: |
|
Definition
conduct gas deeper into resp zone
participate in gas exchange (bronciole walls sprout alveolis) |
|
|
Term
| each acinus is composed of: |
|
Definition
| resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and about 10,000 alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saclike growths that sprout on walls on resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs; primary function is gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of type 1 pneumocytes |
|
Definition
| flat, cover 93% alveolar surface, thin, tight joints |
|
|
Term
| function of type 1 pneomocytes |
|
Definition
| faciliatate gas exchange in alveoli, limit movements of materials into alveolar space |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of type 2 pneumocytes |
|
Definition
| cuboidal, twice as many as type 1 pneumoncytes, smaller, make up the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| functions of type 2 pneumocytes |
|
Definition
| produces surfactant, store surfactant, keep alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension, increases compliance and decreases work of breathing |
|
|
Term
| function of alveolar macrophages |
|
Definition
| provide defense; can move around, full of potent enzymes, destroy foreign cells |
|
|
Term
| what types of pneumocytes are in the acinus? |
|
Definition
| type 1, type 2, and free alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little openings in bronchioles (tubes) where gas can exchange |
|
|
Term
| 4 main components of the pulmonary vascular system |
|
Definition
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules and veins |
|
|
Term
| true or false. veins return to the heart and arteries leave the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the bronchial arteries supply bld to? |
|
Definition
| tracheal bronchial tree, mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary nerves, esophagus, and visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| true or false. bronchial arteries have 99% cardiac output and eventually merge with the pulmonary arteries and capillaries |
|
Definition
| false. they have a 1% output |
|
|
Term
| describe how, how much, and where the bronchial veins supply bld to in the heart. |
|
Definition
by way of azygos, hemiazygos and intercostal veins, 1/3 return to rt atrium
by way of bronchiopulmonary anastomos, 2/3 return to the lft atrium |
|
|
Term
| lympathic system has 3 main components to it: |
|
Definition
| lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, juxta-alveolar lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| juxta-alveolar lymphatics |
|
Definition
| vessels immediately adjacent to alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produce lymphocytes and monocytes
filter bacteria |
|
|
Term
| function and distribution of the lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
function: remove excess fluid from the lungs
distribution: more lower lobes, lft lower lobes more than right lower lobes |
|
|
Term
| true or false. the apex of the lung pointed, rises above the level of the 1st rib. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the base of the lung convex lies where in relation to the ribs? |
|
Definition
| 6th rib anterior, 11th rib posterior |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the rt lung |
|
Definition
| larger, heavier, 3 lobes, 2 fissures, olbique and horizontal |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the lft lung |
|
Definition
| smaller, 2 lobes, 1 fissure, oblique |
|
|
Term
| where is the mediastinum located and what organs does it contain? |
|
Definition
| between the rt and lft lungs; contains the heart, great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, and lymph nodes of the central chest |
|
|
Term
| what is included in the anterior sternum area? |
|
Definition
| manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus), xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
| where is the posterior thoracic vertebrae located? |
|
Definition
| between the cervical and lumbar regions; increase in size as proceed down the spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site of the tracheal bifurcation at the lower end of the trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the manubrium attaches to the body of sternum |
|
|
Term
| where is the carnia located? |
|
Definition
| at the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebrae, which is the angle of louis |
|
|
Term
| true or false. the mucous membrane of the carnia is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a triangular depression where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave |
|
|
Term
| what forms the thoracic wall? |
|
Definition
| skin, fat, skeletal muscles, bony structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner layer lined with serous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contacts the serous membrane that covers the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin fluid layer seperating pleuras |
|
|
Term
| the parietal and visceral pleuras are filled with how much fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pleural fluid do? |
|
Definition
| decreases lung friction as lungs slide accross the inner chest wall |
|
|
Term
| is pleural pressure positive or negative? |
|
Definition
| negative due to opposing tendency of lung to collapse and thorax to expand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed where parietal and pleural departs chest wall to diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| pairs 1-7 (true ribs) of the ribs connect to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many pairs of ribs are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immediately below each rib lies what? |
|
Definition
| artery, vein, and nerves for that portion of the chest wall |
|
|
Term
| 8-10 rib pairs are called what, 11th and 12th are called what? |
|
Definition
8-10 are called false ribs
11-12 called floating ribs |
|
|
Term
| the diaphragm seperates what? |
|
Definition
| the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs and ribs) from the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| true or false. the diaphragm functions in breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonrespiratory functions of the diaphragm: |
|
Definition
expel vomit, feces, urine by increasing intra-abdominal pressure
prevents acid reflux by exerting pressure on the esophagus as it passes through the hiatus |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary muscles of respiration? |
|
Definition
| diaphragm and intercostals |
|
|
Term
| diaphragm and intercostals characteristics: |
|
Definition
active during resting breathing
75% of work performed by diaphragm
muscle relaxation results in passive exhalation |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of accessory muscles of inspiration: |
|
Definition
active only during increased demand
primarily scalene and sternocleidomastoids |
|
|
Term
| accessory muscles of inspiration include what? |
|
Definition
scalenus muscles
sternoclidomastoid muscles
pectoralis major muscles
trapexius muscles
external intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| during times of increased demand, expiratory muscle contraction increases what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the process of expiratory muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
*compression of abdomen by an array of abdominal muscles
*ribs pulled down and together by internal intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| accessory muscles of expiration |
|
Definition
rectus abdominus
external abdominus obliquus
internal abdominus obliquus
transversus abdominis
internal intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| the heart is composed of 3 layers: |
|
Definition
outer is epicardium
middle myocardium
endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comprises the bulk of the heart and is composed of muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms a thin continuous tissue with bld vessels |
|
|
Term
| 4 muscle chambers of the heart |
|
Definition
upper chambers- rt and lt atria
lower chambers- rt and lt ventricles (responsible for forward movement of the bld) |
|
|
Term
| semilunar valves consist of how many half-moon shaped cuffs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 semilunar valve types and where are the semilunar valves located? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary valve and aortic vavle;ventricle exits to arterial trunks |
|
|
Term
| where is the pulmonary valve located? |
|
Definition
| between the rt ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| where does the aortic valve lie between? |
|
Definition
| between the lft ventricle and aorta |
|
|
Term
| during systole, what happens? |
|
Definition
| valves open, allowing the ventricular ejection into arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) |
|
|
Term
| during diastole, what happens? |
|
Definition
| the valves close, preventing back flow of bld into the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| the rt and lft coronary arteries arise behind the aortic valve cusps. what happens with the coronary arteries during systole and diastole? |
|
Definition
sys- cusps obstruct flow into the system
dia- bld flow occurs so this pressure is very important |
|
|
Term
| systemic venous bld returns to the rt atrium via: |
|
Definition
| superior (drains upper extremities) and inferior (drains lower body) vena cava |
|
|
Term
| bld flows through the tricuspid valve into which ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pumped from the right ventricle through the pulm. valve into the pulm. artery carries bld where? |
|
Definition
| to the lungs (called oxygenation) |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary arterial bld returns by the pulmonary veins to which atriumm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from the lft atrium, oxygenated bld flows through the mitral valve into which ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false. lft ventricle pumps the bld out through the aortic valve and into systemic circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bld passes through the systemic capillary beds into the systemic veins and back to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| systemic vasculature has 3 components |
|
Definition
arterial system- large elastic resistance, small muscular arterioles like faucets
capillary system- transfer nutrients and waste products
venous system- reservoir for circ. system holds 3/4 of bodys bld volume |
|
|
Term
| true or false. A/C membrane provides area for gas exchange. |
|
Definition
| true. 140 m2 and 1um thick |
|
|
Term
| O2 and CO2 diffuse from the alveoli through what? |
|
Definition
surfactant layer
type 1 cell
basement membrane
plasma
capillary endothelial cells |
|
|
