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| Reduction division of cells; ONLY SPERM AND OVA; chromosomes reduced from 46 to 23 (DIPLOID # to HAPLOID #); |
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| Ova and sperm; each have 23 chromosomes (not 46) |
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| first cell of a new human being; 23 chromosomes from each ova and sperm totaling 46 chromosomes |
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| Male and female reproductive diagrams |
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| stores maturing and some matured sperm produced by testes; is ciliated; secretes fluid to support/nourish sperm; smooth mucles sontract to move sperm along as mature |
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| glands whose conntents empty into vas deferens forming ejaculatory duct; along with porstate contents, forms majority of semen; secretes fructose, alkaline fluid and prostoglandins into semnen |
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| combination of vas deferens and seminal duct secretions, empties into urethra |
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| surrounds upper urethra and the ejaculatory duct; along with seminal secretions, forms most of seminal fluid; secretes a basic fluid to help sperm function properly; prostate fluid also enhances sperm motility |
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| = COWPER GLANDS; just below prostate, secrete mucoid substance into semen that neutralizes any acidic urine in urethra; surrounded by external urethral sphincter; secretes the pre-ejaculate for lubricant |
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Definition
| produce sperm and testosterone, in scrotum |
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Definition
| testes do not descend during end of fetal dvlpts; rsults in infertility because increased temperature |
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Definition
| within the testes where sperm are formed |
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Definition
| Interstitial Cells of the testes that produce male sex hormones |
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Definition
| 3 parts: head, middle piece and tail. Middle piece have mitochondria for movement of flagellum. Head has nucleus covered by ACROSOME cap which stores enzymes to penetrate egg |
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| Normal # sperm per ejeculation |
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Definition
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Term
| How long can sperm survive in vagina? |
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Definition
| survive about 2 days after intercourse, though can survive up to 4-6 days aferwards |
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Term
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Definition
| continuation of epidudimus, ciliated at testicular end, contained within protective spermatic cord, which passes through inguibal canal into abdomen (is where testes descend from) |
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Definition
| passage into abdomen of spermatic cord through which travels the vas deferens from outside of body into abdomen; remaains a weak point of male abdominal wall and can lead to inguinal hernia |
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Definition
| tip of penis, has foreskin/prepuce unless circumsized |
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Definition
| Not very complicated; erection is a spinal reflex; autonomic nerves release NITRIC OXIDE causes cGMP production leading to arteriole relaxation and venous compression (extra blood that cannot leave); ED drugs prevent enzyme breakdown of cGMP (which also occurs in retina) |
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Term
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Definition
Emission - sperm and seminal fluids enters urethra
Expulsion - muscular contractions, a sphincter closes bladder so no urine |
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Term
| Male reproductive hormones |
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Definition
| At puberty, hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to negative feedback inhibition, therefore secretes more GnRH, which stimulates FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules, LH promotes androgen production in interstitial cells; controlled by negative feedback loops, where testosterone remains about the same. Also, INHIBIN secreted by seminiferous tubules keep sperm production about the same (by inhibiting GnRH is needed) |
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Term
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Definition
| are the testes and ovaries; produce the gametes and sex hormones |
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| Movement of egg along uterine tube |
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Definition
| by fimbriae (fingerlike projections) and cilia of fallopian/uterine tube |
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Definition
| external genitalia of females; clitorus, mons pubis, labias |
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Term
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Definition
| has outer cortex with follicles containing immature oocytes (2 million at birth, 350,000 by puberty, of which only about 400 will mature into an ovum) and inner medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
- Inside follicle primary oocytes undergoes meiosis I to become two cells: a POLAR BODY (only holds excess chromomes and unable to be fertilized) and a secondary oocyte with 23 chromosomes
- Secondary oocytes undergoes meiosis II only if fertilized, otherwise dies after release from ovary.
- The primary oocyte is suurounded by epithelium of primary follicle and secretes estrogen; a secondary oocytes is surrounded by fluid of secondary follicle and secretes estogen and some progesterone, then become a VESICLULAR or GRAFIAN follicle where the fluid filled cavity ballons out of ovarian wall (contains the secondary oocytes).
- Ovulation occurs when grafian follicle bursts releasing secondary oocyte (the egg)
- If fertilation occurs, undergoes meiosis II to form another polar body and a haploid (23 chromosomes) cell; and then combination of sprem and egg form diploid 46 chromosome zygote.
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Term
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Definition
| glandlike structure of follicle that has released it's egg; secretes hormones to help pregnency; if no fertilization, will degenerate in about 10 days and leave a scar called CORPUS ALBICANS; if fertilization does occur, corpus luteum will secrete for about 6 months keeping uterine lining intact; produced progesterone and some estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| beneath labia minora secrete mucousy fluid for lubrication |
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Term
| Female Reproductive Hormone Regulation |
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Definition
- GnRH from the hypothalamus increases at puberty, increasing levels of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
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Term
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Definition
- Pre-ovulation -- FSH causes several follicles to develop = FOLLICULAR PHASE - 1-14 days; only one follicle fully develops, secreting more and more estrogen, becomeing more and more sensitive to FSH and then LH, secreting more and more estrogen. Estrogen causes POSITIVE FEEDBACK on hypothalamus causing more GnRH, inducing a surge of FSH and especially LH, triggering ovulation.
- Ovulation testin kits actually test for LH metabolites
- Ovarian follicular phase occurs with uterine menstruation and subsequent proliferation.
- During menstruation, low levels of hormones causes endometrial disintegration (low estrogen at first becuase follicle not developed)
- As estrogen levels increase by growing follicle, menstruation will stop and endometrium proliferates.
- When ovulation occurs, the uterus will stop proliferation.
- After LH surge and ovulation, follcile becomes the corpus luteum = LUTEAL PHASE (of ovary), where secretes mostly progesterone, days 15-28
- Progesterone causes negative feedback on anterior pituitary's LH, so as LH decreases, the corpus luteum degenerates (if no fertilization)
- Degenerating corpus luteum causes less and less progesterone
- Progesterone causes SECRETORY PHASE of UTERUS, days 15-28
- During secretory phase of uterus, endometrium thickens greatly and produces mucoid secretion, preparing to receive embryo; as the corpus luteum decreases, thickening also decreases.
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Term
| HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADATROPIN |
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Definition
- secreted by the newly implannted embryo, causes the corpus luteum not to degenerate, keeping progesterone levels high, which keeps uterus prepared for baby
- Does this until placenta secretes own progesterone and estrogen
- Placental hormones also shut down anterior pituitary LH and FSH so no more follicular maturation
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Term
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Definition
- Each breast contains about 15-25 lobules, each with milk ducts
- Each duct divides into alveolar ducts, ending at alveoli that produce milk
- Lobe and alveoli require estrogen and progesterone for development at puberty
- During pregnancy, are many more alveoli, and some more ducts
- PROLACTIN needed for lactation to begin, is inhibitied during pregnancy
- Suckling causes signals to hypothalamus, telling posterior pituitary to secrete OXYTOCIN, causing lobes to contract
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Term
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Definition
- More deadly than both uterine and cervical
- No signs until late
- Most common is fluid in abdomen causing distension
- risk up with age
- Risk doubles with no children
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Term
| Endocrine Disrupting Contaminants |
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Definition
- Diethylstilbestro (DES) given to women to prevent miscarriage; causes daughters to have reproductive birth defects, also 2.5 times more likely to have breast cancer, as well as other cancers. Sons have more cancers as well.
- Pesticides, herbicides, PLASTICS, hygeine products, etc.
- Are concentrated in adipose (as are all hormones)
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Term
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Definition
- Defined as inability to conceive afet 1 year of unprottected regulr sex
- 15% all couples
- 40% male, 40% female and 20% both
- Males-low sperm count and/or irregular sperm; chemicals, environmental and consumed; overhearting, e.g. from being obese, sitting too long, tight clothing and laptops
- Body weight is most significant factor for women. In normal weight women, fat produces LEPTIN which tells hypothalamus to release GnRH causing ovulation.
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Term
| Aging and the Reproductive System (Extra Credit) |
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Definition
- Sex hormone levels decline
- Menopause occurs about 45 to 55
- Ovaries no longer respond to pituitary GnRH b/c functional ovarian tissue relaced by corpus albicans
- No more ova production and minimal estrogen/progesteron production by ovaries.
- Onset of menstruation can be accompanied by hotflashes dizziness, etc
- Atrophy of uterus, vagina, breasts, etc
- In men, testosterone production steadily diminishes after 50, maybe causing prostate enlargement
- Sprem production declines but men remain fertile into old age
- Increases in ED from vascular changes
- Diminished erections and dryer vagina make for awsome sex
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Term
| FOR FINAL BRING NOTES AND PAPER |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "abstinence is 100% effective at preventing pregnency" |
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