Term
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Definition
| very complex, contain blood vessels. contain leydig cells which produce T |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-the top portion/ head of the epydidymus
-sperm entering the caput are incomplete
-they lack the ability to swim forwrd |
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Term
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Definition
| bottom half of the epydidymnus |
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Term
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Definition
allows heating and cooling of the testis through contraction
likes 35 C
contractile organ |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the rete testis to the epydidmus |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow tightly coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of the testicle to the vas deferens |
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Term
| what happens to the testis when they are exposed to cold? |
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Definition
| they get closer to the abdomen and remain 2 deg. lower then abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability for the semen to fertilize, as it moves down it matures through the process |
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Term
| what are 6 ways to stop sperm? |
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Definition
1> vasectomy - tube off > stop resorption and you get a back flow of fluid but sperm production doesn't stop.
- cut off portion of the vas deferens
- male sterilization that is irreversible > ties together
2> efferent Duct Ligation > EDL
-Vas deferens > very muscular and contractile involved in the ejaculation of sperm
-passes in front of the bladder and through the urethra
- intering the urithra through the common duct
3> vitamin A deficency
4> Heat treatment > 30 min 111 F - 116F > irreversible sterile
5> crypotorchidism - undescended testis
- 1% of boys have this
-testis are stuck near the kidneys so there is no counter cooling system
- leads to cancer
6> X-irradiation |
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Term
| vas deferens ( ductus deferens) |
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Definition
very muscular and contractile involved in the ejaculation of sperm
-passes in front of the bladder and through the urethra
- intering the urithra through the common duct |
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Term
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Definition
invloved in the development and maintains
-dependent on T |
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Term
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Definition
-
- the # of sertoli cells in a testis determines the ultimate spermatogenic output |
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Term
| how do sperm stay alive once ejaculated? |
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Definition
| the seminal vesicls and the prostate make a energy rich fluid that is responsible for keeping them alive |
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Term
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Definition
| stain used to see the Acrosome and tell what stage of development that sperm is in |
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Term
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Definition
| - of many animals, the Acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the spermatozoon's head. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus. Acrosome formation is completed during testicular maturation. |
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Term
| what is the pathway of a sperm from boundry tissue to luman in development? |
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Definition
| spermatogonia > spermatocyte > spermatid > luman |
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Term
| what is the effect of EDL on the testis? |
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Definition
the testis reduce to 1/3 of its size due to sperm production stoping > gamate production decrease
-FSH lvl increase |
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Term
| are there spermatogonia in ever cross section of the seminerorous tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many generations of sperm cells are there in the seminiferous tubules |
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Definition
there are always 4 generations.
- one layer is always spermatogonia |
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Term
| when does spermatogenesis start? |
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Definition
| puberty, on of the earliest events of puberty, takes place in the semineferous tubules |
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Term
| what makes up the Sex Cords? |
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Definition
1) boundry tissue - made of a complex cellular layer and connective tissue
2) gonocytes - massive cells that are only present pre-puberty
- the develop 6 weeks into pregnancy
- they start to divided right before puberty and form spermatogonia
-2n |
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Term
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Definition
massive cells that are only present pre-puberty
- the develop 6 weeks into pregnancy
- they start to divided right before puberty drastically reducing in size and form spermatogonia
-2n |
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Term
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Definition
formed from gonocyte at puberty abd is always found on the out side of the tubule
- undergoes at least 6 mitotic divisions
- only cell that undergoes mitosis and only cell found in the basal compartmen ts of the sertoli cell |
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Term
| how many MITOTIC divisions does a spermatagonia under go? and what are they? |
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Definition
at least 6
- A1 A2 A3 A4(all very similar)
-In (chromasomal material appears)
-B (primary spermatocyte)(has clear chromasomal material that appears and they can no longer divide by mitosis) |
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Term
| what happens once a spermatocyte is formed from a spermatogonia? |
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Definition
| 64 1-spermatocyte undergoes meiosis to become 128 2-spermatocyte, then the 128 2-spermatocytes undergo meiosis again and form 256 spermatids ( immature sperm) lastly the spermatid goes through spermiogenesis and forms in to mature sperm |
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Term
| on average how many sperm are released per ejaculate? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many spermatogonia are in the simineferous tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nucleolus divides but the cytoplasm does not.
-sperm do not completely separate. |
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Term
| how many stages of spermatogenesis are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| cycle of seminiferous epithelium |
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Definition
| time it takes for same generation to reappear at the same point in the seminiforous tubule |
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Term
| wave of seminiferous epithelium |
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Definition
only 1 moment in time. see cellular association in the linear sequence along length of the tubule
- reoccuring sequence of cellular associations ( after 14 . 1 occurs again) |
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Term
| how many days does it take to get to 1-spermatocytes in humans? 2-spermatocytes? |
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Definition
| 64 days for primary and 128 for secondary |
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Term
| does any division occur during spermeogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- ANT pit
-stimulates T production
- T inhibits |
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Term
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Definition
- Follicle stimulating hormone
- ant pit
- stimulates sperm production
- inhibin inhibits |
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Term
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Definition
produced in the seminiforous tubules
-very large protin |
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Term
| what happens if the hypothalamus is removed durring development? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to LH and FHS levels when the testis are removed? |
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Definition
| the increase because there is no negitive feedback now |
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Term
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Definition
| all male organs are dependent on T |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are taller in the presence of T |
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Term
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Definition
has a 3 day lag in increase of fsh due to sperm backing up
- sweelling up and back up destroys germ cell
-T lvl unchanged |
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Term
| heat treatment and fsh levels |
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Definition
no lag quick increase
- T lvl unchanged |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sertoli and Leydig cells make up? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when a seminiforous tubule is destroyed? |
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Definition
| the leydig cell sround enlarge to make more T in responce to dmg |
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Term
| how long does a human take to produce sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| how long does a mouse take to produce sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| how long does a pigs take to produce sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many mg of T is produced every day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what type of junctions do sermatogonia have to travel through? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
non optional visectomy, blockage and reabsorbtion
-least severe
-no rise in FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in sperm production and increase in FSH levels |
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Term
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Definition
arrest in development of sperm cells-no complete development
- increase in FSH |
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Term
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Definition
no germ cells
-no sperm cells
- FSH increase |
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Term
| seminiferous tubule hylinization |
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Definition
no sertoli or seminiferous tubule.
- very high fsh level |
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Term
| what is the least to most sever testicular diorders? |
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Definition
1)obstructive azoospermia
2)hypospermatogonia
3)germinal cell arrest
4)sertoli only syndrom
5)seminiferous tubule hylinization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-has receptors for FSH and LH
- basal tissue - only open to direct contact w/ hormones
- it has a basal compartment which hold the sermatatogonia
-- only thing affected by external hormones
- tight junction
- adluminal compartment
- secrets inhibin, ABP (androgen binding protein), GnRH and estrogens |
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Term
| ABP (androgen binding protein) |
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Definition
| carriers T to the germ cells |
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Term
| Which hormone begins spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the effect of anti-meitotic drugs on the male reporduction organs? |
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Definition
- decreased sertoli cells
- decreases testis weight
- low sperm production |
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Term
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Definition
| hormon that inhibits the sertoli cells in pre-puberty |
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Term
| what is neonatal hypothyroidism and what effects does it have on the male repoduction organs? |
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Definition
-under active thyroid
--therefore not as much TH to inhibit sertoli
-more sertoli cells
- more sperm cells
- increase in testis weight |
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Term
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Definition
the permatic veins emerge from the back of the testis and recive tributaries from the epididymus and then unite to form this structure
- plays a role in temperature regulation
-- acts as a heat exchanger , cools blood in adjacent arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| forms an ejaculatory duct that passes through the substance of the prostate |
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Term
| what pervents retrograde ejaculation? |
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Definition
| the sphincter of the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle that carries sperm from the seminiforous tubules to the vasa efferantia |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in intercellular transport of substances between organelle to achieve successful androgen production |
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Term
| what is the pathway that sperm travels? |
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Definition
| -testis > rete testis > efferent ducts > caput > cauda > vas deferens > urethra |
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Term
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Definition
acts on the leydig cells of the testis and is responsibile for production of T
- release of lh is controlled by GnRH |
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Term
| how does LH support spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| LH stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone. T passes into the tubule, binds to androgen receptors within the sertoli cell |
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