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Reproduction System OBSR
Reproduction System OBSR Class 6
62
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/28/2011
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Term
__________ reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes
 Definition
1) Asexual
Term
Offspring of __________ reproduction are genetically identical to the parent (clones)
 Definition
1) Asexual
Term
The three types of asexual reproduction are (and give an example of each):
 Definition
1) Budding (sponges, cnidarians)
2) Fragmentation (flatworms, sea stars)
3) Parthenogenesis (bees)
Term
__________ cells are also known as interstitial cells and are found between the __________ __________ and the testes.
 Definition
1) Leydig cells
2) Seminiferous tubules
Term
Leydig cells are responsible for the production of __________
 Definition
1) Testosterone
Term
Spermatogonia are found within the __________ __________ and are responsible for the production of __________.
 Definition
1) Seminiferous tubules
2) Sperm
Term
Steroli cells are found within the __________ of the __________ __________ and provide __________ for the developing sperm; they also form the __________-__________ barrier.
 Definition
1) Lumen
2) Seminiferous tubules
3) Nutrients
4) Blood-testis
Term
In spermatogenesis, the ploidy of spermatogonia is __________ and they undergo __________.
 Definition
1) Diploid
2) Mitosis
Term
In spermatogenesis,the ploidy of primary spermatocytes is __________ and they undergo __________.
 Definition
1) Diploid
2) Meiosis I
Term
In spermatogenesis,the ploidy of secondary spermatocytes is __________ and they undergo __________.
 Definition
1) Haploid
2) Meiosis II
Term
In spermatogenesis,undifferentiated __________ differentiate into mature sperm and are released into the __________.
 Definition
1) Spermatid
2) Lumen
Term
In the structure of a sperm, the head often contains the __________, with a cap called an __________ which contains the digestive enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg.
 Definition
1) Nucleus
2) Cap
Term
In the structure of a sperm, the mid-piece contains __________ which provide the energy for the movement of the flagellum.
 Definition
1) Mitochondria
Term
In the structure of a sperm, the flagellum has a typical __________ microtubule arrangement which is used in movement.
 Definition
1) 9+2
Term
Sperm is produced in the __________ and stored in the __________.
 Definition
1) Testes
2) Epididymis
Term
The primary pathway of sperm includes five steps and is as follows:
__________ __________ -> __________ -> __________ __________ -> __________ __________ -> __________.
 Definition
1) Vas deferens
2) Urethra
3) Seminal vesicles
4) Prostate gland
5) Penis
Term
The __________ __________ provide fluid which helps stimulate sperm motility and contains __________ (local hormones) which stimulate __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Seminal vesicles
2) Prostaglandins
3) Uterine contractions
Term
The __________ __________ adds fluid to the semen to make it __________ and neutralize the acidity of the urethra and __________.
 Definition
1) Prostate gland
2) Alkaline
3) Vagina
Term
In males, GnRH affects the __________ __________ and stimulates the release of __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) FSH
3) LH
Term
In males, FSH affects the __________ and stimulates the development of __________ __________ and also stimulates __________.
 Definition
1) Testes
2) Seminiferous tubules
3) Spermatogenesis
Term
In males, LH affects the __________ and stimulates interstitial cells to secrete __________.
 Definition
1) Testes
2) Testosterone
Term
In males, testosterone is produced in the __________ and is responsible for a number of features over different stages of one's life:
Before birth: Stimulates development of primary __________ __________ and descent of testes into scrotum.
At puberty: Responsible for growth spurt; stimulates development of reproductive structures and __________ __________ __________.
In adult: Maintains secondary sex characteristics and stimulates __________.
 Definition
1) Testes
2) Sex organs
3) Secondary sex characteristics
4) Spermatogenesis
Term
In males, inhibin affects the __________ __________ and inhibits __________ secretion.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) FSH
Term
Male Hormonal Control
1. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the __________ __________.
2. Pituitary secretes __________ and __________.
3. FSH stimulates Sertolic cells to secrete __________ and other signaling molecules necessary for spermatogenesis. LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete __________.
4. Testosterone stimulates __________ __________ leading to stimulation of spermatogenesis.
5. __________ maintains secondary sex characteristics.
6. Testosterone inhibits GnRH secretion by __________ and FSH and LH secretion by __________.
7. Inhibin inhibits __________ secretion.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) FSH
3) LH
4) ABP
5) Testosterone
6) Sertoli cells
7) Testosterone
8) Hypothalamus
9) Pituitary
10) FSH
Term
Oogonia - Before birth, hundreds of thousands of __________ are present in the __________.
 Definition
1) Oogonia
2) Ovaries
Term
Primary Oocytes - During parental development the __________ increase in size and become primary oocytes which are arrested in __________ __________ of meiosis and hence are __________. This resting stage lasts throughout childhood and into adult life.
 Definition
1) Oogonia
2) Prophase I
3) Diploid
Term
A primary oocyte and the cluster of the cells (which produce hormones surrounding it together make up a __________.
 Definition
1) Follicle
Term
With the onset of __________, a few follicles begin to mature each month in response to __________. Most of the follicles regress, but one continues to develop.
 Definition
1) Puberty
2) FSH
Term
As the follicle grows, the __________ __________ completes the first __________ division, producing one polar body (disintegrates) and one __________ __________.
The __________ secondary oocyte proceeds to meiosis II but stops at __________ __________ until it is fertilized.
 Definition
1) Primary oocyte
2) Meiotic
3) Secondary oocyte
4) Haploid
5) Metaphase II
Term
As an oocyte develops it separates from its surrounding follicle by a layer of glycoproteins called __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Zona pellucida
Term
As a follicle matures it secretes female sex hormones with __________ in particular.
Typically only __________ follicle matures every month.
 Definition
1) Estrogen
2) 1
Term
The secondary oocyte is released from the __________ during ovulation.
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it completes __________ dividing to form a second __________ __________ and the egg, which fuses with the sperm.
If it is not fertilized, the secondary oocyte never completes __________ and disintegrates.
 Definition
1) Ovary
2) Meiosis
3) Polar body
4) Meiosis
Term
In the ovary, the remnants of the follicle become the __________ __________ (temporary endocrine gland) that secretes __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Corpus luteum
2) Estrogen
3) Progesterone
Term
After ovulation secondary oocyte is swept into the __________ (uterine tube / fallopian tube).
If fertilization happens, it occurs in the __________ and the tiny embryo gets implanted in the __________ where it grows, develops courtesy nutrients, and oxygen is delivered to the surrounding blood vessels.
If fertilization does not occur during the monthly cycle the endometrium sloughs off and is discharged in the process known as __________.
 Definition
1) Oviduct
2) Oviduct
3) Endometrium
4) Menstruation
Term
In females, GnRH affects the __________ __________ and stimulates the release of __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) FSH
3) LH
Term
In females, FSH affects the __________ and stimulates development of __________ and the secretion of __________.
 Definition
1) Ovary
2) Follicles
3) Estrogen
Term
In females, LH affects the __________ and stimulates __________ and the development of the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Ovary
2) Ovulation
3) Corpus luteum
Term
In females, prolactin affects the __________ and stimulates __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Breast
2) Milk production
Term
Oxytocin 1
In females, oxytocin affects the __________ and stimulates contraction and __________ release.
 Definition
1) Uterus
2) Prostaglandin
Term
Oxytocin 2
In females, oxytocin affects __________ __________ and stimulates ejection of __________ into ducts.
 Definition
1) Mammary glands
2) Milk
Term
In females, when estrogen generally affects the entire body, it stimulates the growth of __________ __________ at puberty and the development of __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Sex organs
2) Secondary sex characteristics
Term
In females, when estrogen generally affects reproductive structures, it induces maturation by stimulating monthly preparation of __________ for pregnancy; it also makes __________ mucus thinner and more alkaline.
 Definition
1) Endometrium
2) Cervical
Term
In females, progesterone affects the __________ and completes the preparation of the __________ for pregnancy.
 Definition
1) Uterus
2) Endometrium
Term
In females inhibin affects the __________ __________ and inhibits the secretion of __________.
 Definition
1) Anterior pituitary
2) FSH
Term
The menstrual cycle has three primary phases and is as follows:
__________-__________ __________ -> __________ -> __________-__________ __________.
 Definition
1) Preovulatory phase
2) Ovulation
3) Postovulatory phase
Term
An average menstrual cycle is __________ days long but this may vary; day one of the cycle is the first day of __________.
The postovulatory phase can vary in length, but the length of the phase is always __________ days.
 Definition
1) 28 days
2) Menstruation
3) 14 days
Term
Preovulatory Phase
1. Hypothalamus releases __________.
2. FSH stimulates __________ development.
3. LH indirectly stimulates thickening of __________.
4. Estrogen stimulates thinking of __________.
5. Estrogen has a __________ feedback mechanism on the __________ and __________.
6. Inhibin inhibits __________ secretion by pituitary.
 Definition
1) GnRH
2) Follicle
3) Endometrium
4) Enodetrium
5) Negative
6) Pituitary
7) Hypothalamus
8) FSH
Term
Late Prevoulatory Phase
7. High level of __________ has a positive feedback effect on the __________ and __________.
8. Surge of __________ stimulates ovulation.
 Definition
1) Estrogen
2) Pituitary
3) Hypothalamus
4) LH
Term
Postovulatory Phase
9. LH stimulates development of __________ __________.
10. High concentration of __________ strongly inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; __________ and __________ secretion decrease accordingly.
11. __________ has a negative feedback mechanism on the hypothalamus and __________ __________.
12. __________ inhibits FSH secretion by __________.
 Definition
1) Corpus luteum
2) Progesterone
3) FSH
4) LH
5) Estrogen
6) Anterior pituitary
7) Inhibin
8) Pituitary
Term
After ejaculation, sperm remain alive (active) for about __________-__________ hours.
 Definition
1) 48-72 hours
Term
The ovum remains fertile for __________-__________ hours after ovulation.
 Definition
1) 12-24 hours
Term
Development for the zygote within the __________ begins after the __________ of fertilization.
 Definition
1) Endometrium
2) 7th
Term
Membranes that develop around the embryo secrete __________, a hormone that signals the mother's __________ __________ to continue to do it's function.
 Definition
1) HCG
2) Corpus luteum
Term
HCG takes the place of __________ in maintaining the __________ __________
 Definition
1) LH
2) Corpus luteum
Term
__________ __________ tests for the presence of HCG in the urine are standard pregnancy tests.
 Definition
1) Monoclonal antibody
Term
Since the corpus luteum is being maintained by HCG, it continues to produce __________ and __________, maintaining the endometrium in the secondary phase.
 Definition
1) Estrogen
2) Progesterone
Term
Later in pregnancy, __________ levels decline and the __________ begins producing large amounts of estrogen and progesterone to maintain the __________.
 Definition
1) HCG
2) Placenta
3) Endometrium
Term
The sex chromosome pair __________ determines the male sex; the __________ chromosome has __________-determining genes, which caused the gonads to develop as testes which produce __________ (testosterone).
 Definition
1) XY
2) Y
3) Testes
4) Androgens
Term
The sex chromosome pair __________ determines the female sex; the absence of the __________ chromosome allow the gonads to remain undifferentiated for a few weeks to later develop into ovaries and produce __________.
 Definition
1) XX
2) Y
3) Estradiol
Term
Male and female embryos start out with the same undifferentiated genital tissue, including __________ sets of ducts. If __________ is produced, the female ducts degenerate and the male ducts develops. If no __________ is produced, the male ducts degenerate and the female ducts develop.
 Definition
1) Two
2) Testosterone
3) Testosterone
Term
Both the male and female embryos have a __________ __________, which testosterone causes to develop into the __________ and lack of testosterone causes to develop into the __________
 Definition
1) Genital tubercle
2) Penis
3) Clitoris
Term
The penis and clitoris are __________ structures because they develop from the same tissue.
The male and female ducts are __________.
 Definition
1) Homologous
2) Analagous
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