Term
| What are the parts of a history that are important for female therio diagnostics? |
|
Definition
-home environment
-vaginal discharge
-food (raw diet?)
-records
-use of animal |
|
|
Term
| What are the important parts of a breeding history for a bitch? |
|
Definition
-number of litters
-pregnancy loss
-methods of breeding
-pyometras |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of infertility in the bitch? |
|
Definition
| -inappropriate breeding time |
|
|
Term
| What hormone do we look for with timing for breeding in the bitch? When in her cycle do we look? |
|
Definition
-progesterone
-proestrus and estrus |
|
|
Term
| What could cause failure of P4 increase in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-lack of LH surge
-dysfunction at level of hypothalamus or pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are diagnostic for granulosa cell tumors in the mare and bitch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For bitches, what issues can we see with a very minimal physical exam that can key us in on a possibly dystocia? |
|
Definition
-breed
-ex: brachycephalics always need C-sections |
|
|
Term
| Why do we evaluate cardiac status in bitches? |
|
Definition
-heart murmurs occur during estrus
-murmurs are common during pregnanct: slight inc in left ventricular size |
|
|
Term
| What specific musculoskeletal issues do we look for in females for breeding? |
|
Definition
-Mres: suspensory ligament problems in certain breeds
-Bitches: cruciate ligament injuries in some breeds (ex: English bulldogs) |
|
|
Term
| What on a perineal exam may indicate the stage of her cycle? What else may be evident on this exam? |
|
Definition
-vulvar swelling
-pathology |
|
|
Term
| What is a windsicker test? What does a positive look like? |
|
Definition
-Caslick's procedure can be performed to prevent contamination of vestibule and vagina
-sounds like a burping and can see directly into her |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cytology do we perform on the bitch? The mare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we examine the vagina? |
|
Definition
-manually
-speculum
-endoscope |
|
|
Term
| When do we use a Polansky speculum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we look for with vaginal cytology in the bitch? Why? |
|
Definition
-estrogen
-useful in timing of ovulation and breeding |
|
|
Term
| What pathological conditions can be diagnosed with vaginal cytology in the bitch? |
|
Definition
-functional ovarian cysts
-Granulosa cell tumors
-ovarian remnant syndrome |
|
|
Term
| When we palpate the cervix, what are we looking for? |
|
Definition
-patency
-serosal defects
-musculature defects
-adhesions
-discharge |
|
|
Term
| When is the best time to perform a cervical exam? |
|
Definition
| -during diestrus when under the influence of P4 |
|
|
Term
| When is the worst time to perform a cervical exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we evaluate the uterus? |
|
Definition
-endometrial culture
-endometrial cytology
-endometrial bopsy
-ultrasonography
-hysteroscopy |
|
|
Term
| We always collect culture and cytology samples before biopsy samples are obtained. Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are endmetrial biopsies used for? |
|
Definition
-histology
-culture
-cytology |
|
|
Term
| Can you use the same endometrial biopsy sample for histology, culture, and cytology? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
-NO
-histology requires a fixed sampled and cytology and culture cannot use a fixed sample |
|
|
Term
| Does endometrial biopsy interfere with fertility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Kenny Grading System for Endometrial Biopsies? What animals does it apply to? |
|
Definition
-grading scale used to assist the veterinarian in providing prognosis for pregnancy or in the ability of a mare to carry a foal to term
-mares |
|
|
Term
| What are the grades on the Kenney Grading System for Endometrial Biopsies? |
|
Definition
-Grade I: 80% chance of carrying to full term
-Grade IIa: 50-80% chance of carrying to full term
-Grade IIb: 30-50% chance of carrying to full term
-GRade III: less than 30% chance of carrying to full term |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade I endometrial biopsy? |
|
Definition
-normal
-no glandular atrophy, hypoplasia, slight infiltration of WBC into endometrium |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade IIa endometrial biopsy. |
|
Definition
-slight to moderate diffuse infiltration
-frequent and scattered fibrotic changes of 3 or less layers around glandular branches
-less than 2 nests per low power field |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade IIb endometrial biopsy. |
|
Definition
-widespread, diffuse, and moderately severe cellular infiltrates
-widespread, diffuse, and moderate fibrosis
-up to 4 layers of fibroblast layers around gland branches
-may include widespread, moderate, cystic gland debeneration |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade II endometrial biopsy. |
|
Definition
-widespres, diffuse, and severe cellular inflammatory change
-widespread, diffuse, and severe fibrosis
-more than 5-6 layers of fibroblast layers around gland branches
-more than 5 nests per low power field
-may include widespread, severe, cystic glad degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Why does variation exist amongst evaluated samples per the Kenny Grading System? |
|
Definition
-environment
-competent breeding manager
-sound teaser program
-method of breeding
-male could be the issue
-individual problems
-category I and II most affected |
|
|
Term
| How do we collect endometrial cytology sample in the mare? In the bitch? |
|
Definition
-Mare: swab or brush
-Bitch: uterine lavage via transcervical catheterization |
|
|
Term
| What are the three methods of ultrasonography for the uterus etc? |
|
Definition
-transabdominal: when pregnant
-transrectal
-transvaginal: for collection of oocytes or twin reduction |
|
|
Term
| What pathologies of the uterine wall and lumen do we look for on ultrasound? |
|
Definition
-cystic endometrial hyperplasia
-cysts
-luminal or vaginal fluid
-endometrial edema
-masses |
|
|
Term
| What ovarian structures do we look for on ultrasound? |
|
Definition
-dilated oviducts
-masses, neoplasia
-cysts |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a hysteroscopy? |
|
Definition
| -visualize structures within the vaginal canal or uterus |
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