Term
| What ribs protect the Kindeys? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what vertebral level are the Ureters found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three layers of the Kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the 5 stages in the journey of Urine through the Kidneys. |
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Definition
| Papilla --> Minor Calyx --> Major Calyx --> Renal Pelvis --> Ureters |
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Term
| Describe the pathway of Arteriole blood supply to the kidneys from the heart. |
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Definition
Aorta
Thoracic Aorta
Renal Artery
Segmental artery
Lobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Interlobar Artery
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole
Pertubular Capillary/Vaso Recta |
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Term
| Where do autonomic nerves innervate the Kidneys and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Renal plexus, control arteriole dilation |
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Term
| What are the five components of a Nephron? |
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule (associated with glomerulus), Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct |
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Term
| What are the two types of Nephron? |
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Definition
- Cortical Nephrons
- Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Term
| What is the main purpose of the Juxtamedullary nephrons? |
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Definition
| To create concentrated urine |
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Term
| What does the Vasa Recta help maintain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the filtration barrier. |
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Definition
Three layers:
Highly fenestrated capillary
Basement membrane
Filtration slits between podocyte projections |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the filtration barrier? |
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Definition
| To allow selective filtration (no big molecules such as proteins) |
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Term
| What is the epithelium of the PCT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the descending and ascending limbs of Loop of Henle reabsorb? |
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Definition
Descending: Water
Ascending: Na+ Cl- |
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Term
| Where on the nephron is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus found? |
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Definition
| Where the DCT lies against the afferent arteriole |
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Term
| What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
| To control glomerular filtration rate by sensing NaCl concentration and Blood Pressure |
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Term
| Where are muscua densa cells found and what is their function? |
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Definition
| In the Distal Convoluted Tubule, these act as chemoreceptors |
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Term
| Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located and what function do they serve? |
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Definition
| Between the Distal Convoluted Tubule and the Afferent Arteriole, these act as Baroreceptors |
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Term
| Describe the cascade pathway that occurs if there is a drop in blood pressure sensed by the juxtaglomerular cells |
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Definition
Juxtaglomerular cells release renin.
Renin cleaves angiotensinogen producing angiotensin I
Angeotensin I becomes angeotension II in lungs due to ACE
Angeotensin II acts as a vasoconstrictor |
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Term
| What are the four main functions of the Kidneys? |
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Definition
| Excretion, Homeostasis, Acid-base Balance, Hormonal control |
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|
Term
| How much does the kidney filter each day? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the Ureter? |
|
Definition
Transitional epithelium
Muscularis
Adventitia |
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|
Term
| How is urine moved down the ureter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape is the lumen of the ureter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach is the only place in the body to contain rugae, true or false? |
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Definition
| No, the urinary bladder does as well |
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|
Term
| What shape is the empty bladder? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much can the average bladder contain without a changa in volume? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What makes up the Trigone? |
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Definition
| 2 ureters and the urethra (entries and exit of bladder) |
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|
Term
| What are the three layers of the the bladder wall? |
|
Definition
- Transitional epithelium
- Muscularis
- Adventitia
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|
|
Term
| Describe the transition of the Urethral epithelium |
|
Definition
| Transitional --> Columnar --> Starisfied squamous |
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|
Term
| What protects the urethra from the acid urine? |
|
Definition
| Mucous secreted by mucous glands |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the Detrusor muscle? |
|
Definition
| Acts as a involuntary smooth muscle sphincter |
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|
Term
| How long is the Male Urethra? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the female urethra is closer to the anus than the male urethra, this is more likely to cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the Trigone of clinical importance? |
|
Definition
| It is the site of recurring infections |
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|
Term
| What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Glomerular Filtration determined? |
|
Definition
| Pressure gradient between glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule, Permeability of capillaries, Surface area of glomerular capillary |
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|
Term
| What forces drive glomerular filtration? |
|
Definition
| Glomerular Capillary hydrostatic pressure, Osmotic Gradient |
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|
Term
| What is the Paracellular pathway used for in regards to tubular absorption? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What percentage of water, and NaCl does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drives reabsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does high plasma glucose lead to? |
|
Definition
| Excretion of glucose in urine |
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|
Term
| What does ADH do to the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| Causes Aquaporins to move into epithelial lining |
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|
Term
| Why is the Loop of Henle important? |
|
Definition
| It creates a Hyperosmotic Medullary Gradient (HOMG) |
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|
Term
| What is the usual range of ECF and ICF osmolarity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the loss of Hypotonic fluid result in a change in cell size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the body combat an increased ECF osmolarity? |
|
Definition
| Stimulating the secretion of ADH |
|
|
Term
| What is the upper limit of Renal Water handling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thirst triggered by? |
|
Definition
| Low Blood Pressure in the Afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
| Does ADH regulation occur before or after thirst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you consume excess Isomotic fluids, will your cells have a resulting change in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three ways of losing Isomotic fluids? |
|
Definition
| Vomitting, Diarrhoea, Burns |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower than normal blood volume |
|
|
Term
| What does Hypovolaemia result in? |
|
Definition
| Descreased CNS function, Descreased mucous secretion, Increased pulse, Blood Pressure down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A higher than normal volume of blood |
|
|
Term
| What does Hypervolaemia result in? |
|
Definition
| Hypertension, Edema (swelling of feet), Shortness of breath |
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|
Term
| Where are the High pressure and Low pressure baroreceptors found in the body? |
|
Definition
High pressure: Aorta, Carotid Artery
Low pressure: Vena Cava, Right Atrium |
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|
Term
| What hormone is released in response to high blood volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ANP (ANH) cause a decrease in blood volume? |
|
Definition
| Increases the filtered load of Na+, which in turn causes water to be excreted (following the osmolaric gradient) |
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|
Term
| Where is Aldosterone secreted and what stimulates its secretion? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal glands, Angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
| What effect does Aldosterone have on filtration? |
|
Definition
| Increases the reabsorption of sodium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH range of Extracellular Fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pH defines acidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pH defines Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma pH below and above what values is fatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much acid is produced in the body per day? |
|
Definition
| 13000 mmol of acid per day |
|
|
Term
| Name four ways in which H+ may be gained by the body? |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide, The production of phosphoric and sulphuric acid, The production of lactic acid and ketone bodies, The loss of bicarbonate in faeces, The loss of bicarbonate in urine |
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|
Term
| What are four ways in which H+ may be lost from the body? |
|
Definition
| Use of H+ in metabolism, Losses in vomit, Losses in urine, Hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| How is Carbon dioxide buffered? (two ways) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways Non-volatile acids in "Whole Body Buffering"? |
|
Definition
- Bicarbonate
- Protein
- Phosphate
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways the renal system handles Bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
Replacement by synthesis in PT cells
Replacement by combining H+ filtered bicarbonate, turning that into carbon dioxide and water then moving that into the cell (think the diagram) |
|
|
Term
| What organ/system compensates for respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ/system will compensate for renal alkalosis? |
|
Definition
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