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Renaissance Art History
LDM Florence 2008
38
Art History
Undergraduate 3
10/13/2008

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Cards

Term
[image]
Definition
Nike of Samothrace
Marble statue
300 BC

Wet drapery technique, shows a woman's body without actual nudity, was on the bow of the boat, now in the Louvre

Goddess of victory - if she lands on your side, you win
Term
[image]
Definition
Kouros (boy)
700 BC
Stone

Standing straight up, no facial or character-related traits - just symbolic of a boy rather than realistic, given as gifts to gods, contrapposto
Term
[image]
Definition
Kritian Boy
Kritios
500 BC

Still no facial character, but has a slight change in stance (shows movement), softer and more accurate proportions - contrapposto, goal is to show ideal, free-standing so that viewers can enjoy from all angles
Term
[image]
Definition
Riace Warriors
Bronze statues
450 BC

Bronze was expensive and difficult to sculpt, also more elegant than marble, show more examples of idealism in sculpture (rather than realism)
Term
[image]
Definition
Baptistry of St. John
Romanesque building, marble surfaces
Florence
1100 AD

Octagonal shape (8 represents Resurrection), geometrical pattern
Three doors (4th side was for altar), East was most important and only an exit (toward the church), two for entrances
Big competition to decorate doors in 1401 started Renaissance art period, Ghiberti won

South door = episodes from life of St. John, Ghiberti did North and East
Term
[image]
Definition
Diskobolos
Roman copy of Greek bronze statue
Myron
450 BC

Detail is very specific and realistic, far more advanced technique - can see a vein in the arm and count the ribs, Olympiad because they had close to ideal bodies, in movement to show off anatomy
Term
[image]
Definition
Annunciation
Donatello
1435

Donatello gravitated toward the themes of the Annunciation and the Crucifixion
Note Mary's scared position (REALISM)- not fully servile and adoring as in other representations, also carrying book to show her smarts, wet drapery
Term
Polycletos
Definition
Greek sculptor and doctor, invented (measured) perfect proportions and perfect position for a naked human being (contrapposto)
Term
Contrapposto
Definition
Position used in sculpture (counterpoised)

One side opposite to the other, weight totally on one leg while other is relaxed, head and torso slightly twisted
Term
[image]
Definition
Kore
700 BC, 520 BC, 300 BC

Female sculptures were unusual, like Kouros symbolic instead of realistic
Emphasis on decoration - see jewelry and hair details

**she won't ask us to ID this one, but it might come up in a question
Term
Renaissance in Florence
Definition
Renaissance movement begins with Baptistry door competition in 1401

Seven major guilds competed to make their areas of town most impressive and most beautiful, Baptistry associated with Arte della Calimala (wool merchant's guild)
Term
[image]
Definition
Sacrifice of Isaac
Ghiberti
1401
Bronze relief

Won the competition, shows more of the Classical style, made with one pour of bronze
Less violence and fear in style, softer and smoother, relaxed
Isaac is in contrapposto position, is brave and idealized, looking into father's eyes
Term
[image]
Definition
Sacrifice of Isaac
Brunelleschi
1401
Bronze relief

Creates fear in viewer, Abraham is almost crying, Isaac is crying
Heavier than Ghiberti's version
Far more violent, more realistic rather than Classical (which was the point of the competition)
Term
[image]
Definition
Thorn-Puller
Anonymous sculptor

Brunelleschi's relief shows a reference to this common theme in his Sacrifice of Isaac to highlight his understanding of Classical art
Term
[image]
Definition
Eastern Doors (Gates of Paradise)
1425-1452
Gold/mercury gilded
Ghiberti

Brunelleschi discovered perspective after locking himself away, Ghiberti used his discovery in the Eastern doors
Painted with mercury-blended gold
10 scenes using perspective, scenes from the Old Testament
Term
[image]
Definition
Northern Door
Ghiberti
1402-1424
Bronze reliefs

Everything is straightforward and simple, scenes from life of Jesus
28 scenes
Term
[image]
Definition
South Doors
1329-1338
Andrea Pisano

Episodes from life of St. John the Baptist
Only doors completed before 1401 competition
Term
[image]
Definition
Mary Magdalene the Penitent
Donatello
1453-1455
Wood sculpture

Wood is not elegant or rich, shows Mary's raggedness and ugliness, poverty, complete abandonment of her looks (she was a beautiful woman before)
Contrapposto position, hands in prayer mode
SYMBOLIC, not realistic
Term
[image]
Definition
David
Bronze statue
Donatello
1430-1452

Is it really David? Adolescent, almost sensual, naked (unusual at the time), not a strong, powerful, ideal man, kind of effeminate
In Medici palace - important because it was freestanding and clearly supposed to be admired from all angles for beauty, not Biblical importance
He's like a Classical hero here instead of a Biblical figure
Some historians suggest that it's actually Mercury or Hermes - hat is similar, there's a wing, bag doesn't seem to hold rocks
Term
[image]
Definition
Crucifixion
Sculpture
Donatello
1409-1420

Shows clearly dead face (not sleeping), expanded chest cavity and pulling shoulders - very realistic and accurate, not like others of the time
Shows Donatello's ability in realism
For Angela: this one has shorter hair.
Term
[image]
Definition
Crucifixion
Brunelleschi
Sculpture
1409-1420

Jesus looks like he's sleeping, slight pulling of arms but nothing like Donatello's very accurate body position, almost looks relaxed on the cross instead of in pain
Not as realistic, more peaceful
Term
5 Rules of the Baptistry Door Competition
Definition
1. Theme: Sacrifice of Isaac
2. Include 5 human figures
3. Include 2 animal figures
4. Made of bronze
5. Show understanding of Classical art concepts and techniques
Term
[image]
Definition
S. Giorgio in the Niche
Donatello
1415-1417
Marble sculpture
formerly outside the church of Orsanmichele

BEFORE Rome - doesn't show clear understanding of Classicism
Not freestanding, not expressive (only Classical attribute is the contrapposto position)
Important part is the relief underneath ("predella", done in 1418-1419), which tells important information about the main figure:
- "stiacciato" technique where figures are flattened
- about the Golden Legend by James Voragine in 1265, George kills the dragon
- Shows George as important for what he did, not how he looks in the relief
Term
[image]
Definition
Justinian and his Court
547 AD
San Vitale Church, Ravenna
Mosaic

(used as background for Renaissance art)
Unrealistic, same faces and bodies on each person, feet are not actually on the ground - the point was just basic understanding, not realism

(Realism becomes a movement in Gothic Age)
Term
[image]
Definition
Miniature painting on a page of the Gospel
7 AD
Painting

No representation of distance, no proportion, anatomy is all incorrect, faces and bodies are all the same with different outfits
Can tell Jesus by his cross halo and blessing fingers, representation without realism
Point is understanding - that's it!
Term
[image]
Definition
Example of an Altarpiece

(background for Renaissance art)
Definition - painting on wood displayed above altar of church

Predella - base (know this term)
Pilaster - poles on the sides that give it structure
Pinnacle - points at the top

Named by number of parts - diptych (2), triptych (3), polyptych (multiple)
First thing you see when you enter the church
When analyzing, you usually focus on the center
Term
Crucifixion - 2 kinds
Definition
Triumphant - Jesus is alive and awake
Patient - Jesus is dead (or sleeping)
Term
[image]
Definition
Columns
right to left: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian (DIC)

Doric - PLAIN
Ionic - two little curlicues at the top, still relatively simple
Corinthian - ridiculously flowery and decorative
Term
[image]
Definition
Parthenon

Greek temple to Athena
Everything is symmetrical and even, perfect example of Classical architecture
Term
[image]
Definition
Painted Crucifixion with "Jesus Patient"
1290-1302
Giotto
S. Maria Novella Church
Florence

Gothic painting - shows new movement of painting Jesus as a weak man (instead of the previous alive, peaceful, "winner" Jesus)
Giotto - first Renaissance artist, even though Cimabue and Pisano kind of started the movement of dead Jesus paintings
Not realistic like Donatello's Crucifixion, but remarkable for the time because of the accurate anatomy - body shows pain and suffering
Skull on the rock at the bottom is a symbol of death, Mary and St. John next to cross
Light creates shadow, shade, depth and VOLUME - important new development
Term
[image]
Definition
Maestà (Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Saints)
Cimabue
1285
Galleria degli Uffizi
Florence

Anatomy isn't right, neither is face - Cimabue isn't all that interested in realism, more in symbolism
Mary wears red and blue, sitting on throne as the Queen of Heaven
Mary is always with Jesus, who has a halo and a cross and is never really a baby
Angels shown by gold and halos, clouds
Term
[image]
Definition
Maestà (Ognissanti Madonna)
Giotto
1310
Galleria degli Uffizi
Florence

Proportion is much better than Cimabue's, draping is softer, nicer shadows, face is more human
Giotto was the first painter to recreate frescoes after the Romans, covered the Scrovegni Chapel with them
Term
[image]
Definition
Scrovegni Chapel (Interior) in Padova
Entirely frescoed by Giotto
1304-1306
Stories of the life of Jesus

No architectural divisions on surfaces, so he could divide it however he wanted
Liked to juxtapose happy scenes with scenes of evil to emphasize their messages and importance
Giotto was an expert at drama and expression of emotion
Term
[image]
Definition
Massacre of the Innocents
Giotto
1304-1306
Scrovegni Chapel, Padova
Fresco

When King Herod was killing all of the male babies Jesus's age
Very natural organization and positions of people
Killers have nasty, scary faces
Expressions are real, first tears ever shown in art - Giotto is an expert at emotion
Term
[image]
Definition
Deposition from the Cross (Lamentation)
Giotto
1304-1306
Fresco
Scrovegni Chapel, Padova

Jesus being taken off of the cross (dead)
Mary Magdalene often seen at Jesus's feet because she cleaned his feet with her hair
Scenes are simple with great attention to detail and freedom with facial expressions
Term
St. Francis of Assisi
Definition
Gave Giotto the chance to showcase his new style and meanings... somehow...
Term
San Miniano Church
Definition
Top of hill in Florence, next to Piazza Michelangelo

Romanesque style - simple and plain, dark, columns are stone instead of marble
Divided into 3 parts - room for regular people, platform for priests and crypt for the dead
Raised platform for priest - would shout to make people afraid of the power of God
Top of building was done later in the decorative Gothic style, as were all decorative paintings, frescoes, marble and mosaics

Mosaic - shows Jesus, Mary and San Miniano
Eagle - St. John, protector of Florence
Lion (winged) - St. Mark
Angel - St. Matthew
Ox - St. Luke
Term
Church of Santa Croce
Definition
BIG.
Arches are much higher than San Miniano, pointed to visually raise ceiling
Many large, colorful windows (covered by scaffolding when we visited), circular stained glass as focal point

Frescoes (destroyed in WWII)
Contains a number of Donatello's sculptures (Annunciation and Crucifixion) and Cimabue's crucifixion

Built at the end of 1200 by Arnolfo di Cambio, facade from 1800 by Nicolo Matas
REOPENS NOV. 30th
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