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| Faith through a medium/media as opposed to an institution of religion. allusion vs. illusion. |
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| institutions vs. experience |
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| institutions are suspect, don't trust them, big paychecks & power. experience is key (church vs. media/internet). results in individualized religion, democratizes religion. geographic location doesn't matter anymore b/c of media/internet. |
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| fragmentation of religious meaning |
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| religious meanings do not necessarily go together logically. we can live in contradictory beliefs & take meaning from it. say madonna- mother or singer? culture hungry for religious meaning- borrow elements from other religions. |
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| human agency. in moments of epiphany, we reconstitute answers. we take charge of lives & create & find own meaning/answers. become critics /judges of what is handed down to us in tradition/media. selectively absorb beliefs that enhance sense of well-being in who we are. has increased in current generations. b/c of impermanence of life, we must demonstrate greater self-reflexivity. |
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| popular culture and irreverence |
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| b/c of connection between religion & culture, we must sometimes accept, reject, mock messages. |
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| central to faith. unclear, no right/wrong answer. more socially acceptable to be ambiguous in faith. if no ambiguity, how are you so sure you're right? and might try to impose beliefs on others. |
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| humanistic psychologist. focused on feelings, experience. |
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| James' definition of religion |
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The feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine. three parts: feelings, acts, and experiences. aka interior connectedness, acts that flow from those feelings, and experiences of individuals-not a social group phenomenon. calling upon human agency.
-belief not included.
-very broad, open, inclusive: whatever they may consider the divine. |
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| focused on feelings/experience. the richness/varieties of the human being- experience, make what we will of life. self aware, reflective of who we are. |
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| james valued experience over tradition. trigger/sustain experience. direct experience. |
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| called “once born” or “twice born”, ex. walt whitman. life is good, life is happy, and religion is about experiences that help you recognize that positive sense of life. religion is about union with the divine, in which we discover our genuine, authentic, deepest selves. optimistic, pluralistic, everyone's connecting with god on some level, actively seeking improvement, try to improve world. |
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| sadness, melancholy, obsession with death and evil and fear of being overtaken by evil, and very anxious. pessimistic, monistic, 100% sure there is something divine & we need it to save us from evil world. passive- world is messed up, doesn't matter, can't do anything about it. do nothing, let/wait for god to save us. |
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| essence of religion, consciousness, lifted out of ordinary into extraordinary relationship with the divine. pulls people out of “rational” into irrational. ex. “aha moment”, dreams, trances |
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| james. there is meaning or purpose in life's negative experiences, and with good, they create a unified system of meaning. more comforting/ reassurance. sick soul. |
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| we have pluralist minds, “levels of consciousness”. focused on many things, different things depending on situation. sometimes we are religious, sometimes not depending on level of consciousness. “multi-faceted”, “varied”, “many selves”, “many energies”. |
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| religion is about what you experience (the fruit that it produces). |
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| cannot be expressed in words. too great/ sacred/ inexpressible. ineffable joy, ineffable name of the deity. |
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| will to meaning. "man's search for meaning". holocaust survivor. |
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| each one of us searches in our own individual way, no set of common answers. we all have a spiritual unconsciousness. it is a human necessity to find meaning. he who has a why to live can bear almost any how- nietzsche. belief in individualism. the quest/search for meaning is a search for self-understanding about life. must have eyes open but is not something that you create. presents itself to you. |
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| quest for self-transcendence |
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| self-transcendence- meaning is bigger than us, so pulls us out of ourselves. found through the will to meaning- is a side-effect of your purpose (cannot focus on I WANT HAPPINESS. is a side-effect of other actions). and later self-actualization. |
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| spiritual unconsciousness |
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| source of major human distinction- more than "instinctual gratification" ( food, shelter, etc.) this leads to the will to meaning, which can lead to self-transcendence. |
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| frustration. "a man's concern, even his despair, over the worthwhileness of life is an existential distress, by no means a mental disease. " |
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| ways of dealing with existential distress |
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| change perspective. give a why to life- work, love, or suffering. |
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| help find meaning. basically just helping change perspective. give a why where you didn't see one before. |
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| looking to orient yourself with something, establish a relationship. objective reality. MUST have this for frankl, don't need it for james. |
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| work, love, suffering- suffering also has death, pain, and guilt. |
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| the individual's unique position as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices. |
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| "will to pleasure/desire". complex family structure. anxiety attacks. psychoanalysis- introspection. |
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| "I want". animal/basic drives. "he's mine". sex, things, possession, greed, lust. drives us. |
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| navigates between ID and superego. trying to find a way to work out negotiation. |
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| opposite of id. "oh no you can't/shouldn't". no, no, no. internalization of society's beliefs/rules. |
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| life drive. instinct to make our species go on. make life/ want to live, flourish. in constant conflict w/death drive. pushes through superego. |
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| desire to destroy/not promote life. intervene in life, say no, kill. in constant conflict w/eros. pushes through ID. |
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| every male child has a desire to have his mother. largely unconscious. symbolic- child often has feelings, "if i could only get you out of my way...you're standing in between me and my wishes/dreams". rebel against authority b/c they stand in way. desire for human closeness (not necessarily sex) mother is first intimacy/love. |
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| represents a "return of the repressed". also: the belief that there is only one god. |
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| illusion of religion: we try to control and regulate human relationships through the religious and cultural systems of civilization. religion promotes belief in a god who is like a loving, protecting father who also makes cultural demands. things that are commanded/forbidden by culture are also commanded/forbidden by god. god becomes surrogate father. religious belief in god is a renewal of the infantile state of helplessness. it is regressive. it is an illusion b/c it is based on wish fulfillment, not objective evidence. we support belief b/c we want to have a god (father figure to protect us from harsh life), not bc there is objective, rational evidence. |
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| original nature of humanity |
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| theory of culture/civilization |
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| father- ruled over women/ sons. sons killed father and created matriarchy. totem- one animal is top of totem, cannot be killed except for one festive ceremony. reflective of respect/ jealousy/guilt of father figure. also: incest taboo- cannot marry same clan. memory of the totem event is built into our evolution. we need to have the will to survive, need to find a religion (EXPAND). |
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| worked closely with freud. mandala. find right balance of architypes, ying/yang, good, evil. polarity and later unified consciousness through individuation and transcendence. myers-briggs test. does not like trinities. masculine AND feminine. synchronicity- things are not coincidences. get from ego to self. |
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| consciousness and conscious life |
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| consciousness- characterized by tension or polarity of opposites (similar to Freud). two things that need to be reunited. conscious life- ego and external world. |
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| ego (how it is different from Freud's) |
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| conscious waking life, try to get from ego to self. |
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| objective. resevoir of latent images. symbols, myths that we all know- heroes, stories, etc. try to connect consciousness and personal unconscience by using collective unconscious. god/religion is a major archetype/tool in collective unconscious. CO is full of archetypes that are used to find self. |
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| anima- female in male. animus- male in female. |
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| persona- how you want people to perceive you in external world. overidentification w/ persona leads to separation from true self and overfocus on external world. shadow- must confront shadow- true self, things you hide from outside world. |
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| myths are projections of your unconscious. must USE symbols/myths to get to self. cannot leave as projections. |
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| the function of the unconscious of bringing opposites together in a uniting symbol. symbol acts as a mediator which unites and reconciles the opposites. problem is not resolved in a rational way. it is transcended. (aka conscious and personal unconscious. transcended by collective unconscious). |
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| process of transcending from ego to SELF. done by connecting consciousness and personal unconscious through collective unconscious. |
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| libido ( different from Freud?) |
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| freud- libido DRIVES us. desire for pleasure. jung- religion/spiritual is fundamental. strive for wholeness. become true selves, rebirth. |
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| everything in the collective unconscious. myths, symbols, stories. also god, religion. common ideas. |
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| religious myth and symbol |
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| archetypes that help/tools for reaching self. god represents goal of unity/totality, just like self. indistinguishable between self and god. many people search for unity between conscious and personal unconscious with god. |
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| God and the Self-archetype |
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| god and self are indistinguishable. represents goal of unity. |
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| How does Beaudoin's notion of GenX religiosity relate to the theories of James and Frankl? For each, what is the importance of personal experience? How do they describe the role of institutions? |
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| What basic assumption does Frankl make about humanity? How does Frankl's attitude towards suffering relate to the two basic temperments described by James? How does each describe the individual's quest for self-transcendence? |
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| For Frankl, Freud, Jung, and James, is the religious impulse a natural, healthy by product of the human condition or a psychological neurosis? |
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| Freud and Jung both believe dreams are important. How do they incorporate dreams into their respective theories? What does the content of dreams represent? How are dreams expressions of the unconscious? |
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| Freud and Jung both emphasize the role of the unconscious in their psychological theories. How is the unconscious manifest in everyday life? Is the unconscious a subjective or an objective reality?How does religion help or harm one in attempting to render the contents and manifestations of the unconscious? |
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| What is the basic assumption Freud makes about humanity? what is Jung's basic assumption about humanity? Are they optimistic or pessimistic about human nature? How do their respective basic assumptions determine what they understand to be the goal of human life? Finally, how do their assumptions affect how they understand the relationship of the individual to society/culture? |
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