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| Oral Torah that Moses received at Mount Sinai; Includes legal teachings of mens' and womens' societal responsibilities |
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Great compilation of Jewish law; Contains Mishnah (oral Torah) and Rabbis' commentaries on it.
There are TWO Talmuds! - Jerusalem (spiritual practice) and Babylonian (encyclopedia) |
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Brought Reform Judaism to USA; 40% of Jews today!
Ideas from European Christianity: i.e. vernacular, songs, Sunday (instead of Sabbath) worship... |
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Reconstructionalist Judaism
Science > Judaism (in a nutshell) |
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| Braided bread eaten with dinner on the Sabbath |
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| Day of Atonement; reflecting / need for change within self... |
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| Festival of lights (~Deepvali); Related to miracle at Maccabean Rebellion |
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| Fruit / nut mixture to represent the bricks that the slaves built served at dinner of Passover |
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| A rabbi who is focused on state of Israel; Zionism |
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| Jesus' apostle; 50% texts attributed to him; Made rift between Jesus and Christians great bc of his preachings about Jesus significant role in Christianity!! |
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| "Caesar" of the West in Rome; Ruled Rome under chi / rho and sol invictus |
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| Feature of Eastern Orthodox Christianity (seen as heresy by Roman Catholics of the West) |
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| Worked with Roman Catholic Bishops to convert Muslims / Jews to Christianity! --> Inquisition and thousands of executions... (Torquemada) |
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| Peoples' desire for change, but solidification of Roman Catholic practices actually took place |
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| Sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church |
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(7) MECCO LB
Marriage, Eucharist, Confirmation, Confession, Orders, Last Rites ("extreme unction"), Baptism |
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| College of cardinals wanted "caretaker Pope" but got John the 23rd instead (modernization and reform!!) |
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Called for "aggiornamento" (modernization) of Catholicism; Selected by the college of cardinals at Vatican II
1. Altar
2. Language
3. Participation of the congregation |
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| Became Pope after John the 23rd; Changed many things back to how they were before Vatican II |
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"Defender of the Faith"
Caused Church of England to separate from Roman Catholic Church bc he wanted a divorce from his brother's wife, Catherine
Church of England became Anglican Church, looking up to Archbishop of Canterbury |
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| 1920s; Christian Fundamentalists fought Biology teaching in TN --> Before were intellectual, now are rural / anti-intellectual... |
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Problem with Catholic indulgences --> Protestant Reformation!
Influenced Descartes (self as locus of thought) and John Calvin |
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| Lawyer; Used Bible as foundation for laws in Geneva, Switzerland |
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| The Prophet's name and life |
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| Muhammad ibn Abdullah (570-632 CE) |
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622 CE; When Muhammad fled Mecca and set up camp in Medina bc he was being persecuted by the Quraysh tribe in Mecca
Islamic calendar begins here!! --> Currently is 1431 AH (after hijrah) |
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| 114 Surahs (chapters) and 6,660 verses |
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1. Orthodox: Mecca / Medina; Abu Bakr; Arabia
2. Umayyad: Damascus (Syria); Abdal Malik; Spain / China
3. Abbasids: Baghdad; Harun al-Rashid; Consolidation / high point of culture and extent!!
4. Ottoman: Istanbul; Sulayman; Arabic, Turkish, Persian civilizations |
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| Mecca / Medina; Abu Bakr; Arabia |
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| Damascus (Syria); Abdul Mailk; Spain / China |
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| Baghdad; Harun al-Rashid; Consolidation / high point of culture and extent!! |
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| Istanbul; Sulayman; Arabic, Turkish, Persian civilizations |
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1. Sunni - ummah selected Abu Bakr as successor to Muhammad
2. Shi'a (Twelver - occultation; Sever - continues)
3. Sufism - "whirling dervishes" (mystical!) |
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| Spiritual leader of Sufism |
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| Sufi belief: keep mind on God by dancing, calling his 99 names in the Qu'ran... |
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| Name of Sufis bc of their woolen clothing |
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| The Five Pillars of Islam |
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1. Bearing witness
2. Salat - 5x daily prayers towards Mecca
3. Almsgiving
4. Ramadan
5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) |
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| "law of God" for Islam --> 5 categories |
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Extra-Quranic sayings of the Prophet in Islam; 6 canonical collections
Hadith contains the SUNNAH (sayings from the Prophet's life) |
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| Sayings from the Prophet's life --> Contained in the Hadith (extra-Quranic sayings) |
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| Warfare to get rid of un-Islamic things and restore Islam to the Arabian Peninsula - 1700s |
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| Islamic Revolution in Iran |
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1950s
Shah (open to West) offended Khomeini, who left and returned to kick Shah out.
Khomeini became AYATOLLAH of Iran!! (political and religious leader, greater than the president) |
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Political and religious leader of Iran
Khomeini became this during Islamic Revolution in Iran (1950s) |
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1. W.D. Fard
2. Elijah Muhammad
3. Malcom X --> Sunni Islam! |
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| Four things that make up a Mosque |
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1. Fountain
2. Kneeling place
3. Minbar / pulpit (Imam speaks from here)
4. Mihrab (to face Mecca) |
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| Within a mosque; Gives direction towards Mecca |
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| Destruction of first temple of Jerusalem |
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| Destruction of second temple of Jerusalem |
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| The Great Schism (of Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church) |
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| Hijrah (when Muhammad fled to Medina, after persecution by Quraysh in Mecca) |
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| When the Angel Gabriel appears to Muhammad --> Celebration of Ramadan bc of this |
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