Term
| Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1466 - 1536) |
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Definition
a. Dutch humanist/theologian and leading renaissance scholar
b. Establishes the intellectual foundations of the reformation period
c. First Greek New Testament in 1516
d. Dulce bellum inexpertis = "War is sweet to them that not know it"
e. Enchiridion militis Chritiani (Handbook of the Christian Soldier) |
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Term
| The importance of Scripture for Reformation theology |
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Definition
a. Notes renewal of bible in its original languages
b. Christian thought should not be based on translation mistakes
c. Scholars wanted to study the patristic writers and the Bible in its original languages |
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Term
| Martin Luther (1483 - 1487) |
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Definition
a. German Augustinian Monk
b. Translated the Bible into German
c. Professor of biblical studies at University of Wittenberg in 1512
d. Credited with starting the Protestant reformation (October 31, 1517) with publication of the 95 Theses |
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Term
| Diet of Worms/Edict of Worms (1521) |
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Definition
a. Diet = official assembly within holy roman empire
b. Declared Luther to be an obstinate heretic
c. Banned reading or possession of his writings |
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Term
| The German Reformation/Lutheran Reformation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a. "by scripture alone"
b. asserts the authority of scripture over (most prominent) all other forms of authority. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a. Salvation by faith in Jesus and not by works |
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Term
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Definition
a. No longer a prohibition against priests being married/having children
b. Emphasis that all life can be holy (including family life) |
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Term
| "Enchiridon militis Christiani" (Handbook of the Christian Soldier); 1503, Erasmus of Rotterdam |
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Definition
a. Affirmed regular reading of scripture in laity
b. Reading Scripture transforms its readers
c. Clergy's role is to be educators
d. Emphasizes an inner religion that makes no reference to the rituals, priests, or institutions of the church |
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Term
| 95 Theses on Indulgences (1517), Martin Luther |
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Definition
a. An academic document
b. An argument against the way the church was structured
c. Sent to Rome mistakenly
d. Considered an attack on Scholastic theology, papal authority, etc. |
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Term
| John Calvin (1509 - 1564) |
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Definition
a. Educated at University of Paris and University of Orleans in law
b. Involved in religious reform movements in Paris
c. Came to Geneva in 1536, expelled in 1538, but returned in 1541Established the "holy Commonwealth" in Geneva
d. Published Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536 - 1559
e. Contributions of reformed theology: emphasis on God's sovereignty, Double predestination, spiritual presence, defense of infant/adult baptism |
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Term
| Swiss Reformation/Reformed tradition |
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Definition
a. Emerges from 1520 - 1560 in Swiss Confederation
b. Develops Reformed churches (such as the Presbyterian Church)
c. Influenced by the theology of John Calvin
d. Establishes Genevan Academy in 1559
e. Reformed theology stresses sovereignty, the rule of God in all things. And soteriology that differs from Luther's emphasis on justification by faith. |
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Term
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Definition
a. "Predestination [is what] we call the eternal decree of God, by which he has determined in himself, what he would have to become of every individual person. For they are not all created with a similar destiny; but eternal life is foreordained for some, and eternal damnation for others."
b. Those God has predestined for salvation are referred to as "the elect" |
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Term
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Definition
| a. define orthodoxy for specific groups, regionally and denominationally. |
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Term
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Definition
| a. establish accurate and authoritative interpretations of Scripture. |
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Term
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Definition
a. a summary of religious doctrine often in the form of questions and answers
b. Designed to increase knowledge of basic Christian teachings
c. Become readopted by reformers at this time |
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Term
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Definition
a. Influenced the Reformed Church and radical Reformation
b. Contemporary with Luther and Erasmus
c. Known for preaching without scholastic commentaries
d. Was a priest (became Minster at Zurich in 1518).
e. Took a stronger stance on Scripture as a guide for reform without scriptural basis as adiaphora (things indifferent).
f. Disagreement with Luther over sacraments at Marburg Colloquy (1529) and subsequent split between Lutheran and reformed (Swiss) churches in 1530 |
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Term
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Definition
a. "things indifferent"
b. if it's not mentioned in scripture, it's not worth arguing |
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Term
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Definition
a. The bread and body of Christ are present at the same time. Supported by Calvinists
b. rejects transubstantiation |
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Term
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Definition
a. The Eucharist is a memorial for the sacrifice of Christ.
b. Baptism is like circumcision but more gentle (no pain or shedding of blood) and more inclusive (both males and females). |
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Term
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Definition
a. "re-baptizer"
b. want to keep the church "pure" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "Institutes of the Christian Religion", John Calvin |
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Definition
a. Originally structured in 6 chapters
b. Started as a catechism. Grew to 80 chapters in 4 different books |
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Term
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Definition
| a. practice of priests living together without the legalities, moral obligation, or acknowledgement of marriage |
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Term
| "Le Levain du Calvinisme" (The Germ of Calvinism) |
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Definition
| a. Written by Jeanne de Jussie |
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Term
| Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) |
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Definition
a. Most significant event of Catholic reformation
b. Canons (official statements) of the Council declared the validity of:
i. Pilgrimages
ii. Images, religious art, and sacred music
iii. Veneration of saints and Virgin Mary
iv. Transubstantiation
v. The value of church authority |
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Term
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Definition
| a. the doctrine holding that the bread and wine of the Eucharist are transformed into the body and blood of Jesus, although their appearances remain the same. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Strong defender of Catholicism
b. Agenda of expanding the empire and linked it to the removal of Protestantism |
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Term
| Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) |
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Definition
a. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
b. They are known for piety, organization, support from the Catholic hierarchy, missionary activity, and their rigorous educational program. |
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Term
| Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier |
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Definition
1) Founded "society of Jesus" (Jesuit Order).
a. Jesuit Lieutenant of Loyola
b. Opened up Asia and Japan to Christian influence
c. "who would find fame in the mission field?" |
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Term
| Treaty of Tordesilles (1464) |
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Definition
a. divides the world between Spain and Portugal for colonization and require the empires to spread the Christian faith.
b. Portugal - Brazil, …., and Africa
c. Spain - Remainder of the "new world" (Americas) |
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Term
| "padroado" or "patronato" |
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Definition
| a. Padroado (Portuguese) or Patronato (Spanish) is royal patronage or authority over the churches in the colonies. |
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Term
| Barolome de las Casas (1484 - 1566) |
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Definition
a. A Spanish Dominican Friar, is known for defending the rights of Native Americans.
b. Spent a majority of his life fighting slavery
c. Tried to convince the Spanish court to adopt a more human rights |
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Term
| Robert de Nobili (1577 - 1656) |
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Definition
| a. modify Christian teaching to make it more comprehensible to local civilizations. These Jesuit practices are condemned. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Missions in the Spanish Empire
b. Missions in Africa
c. Missions in Asia
d. 16th Century missions |
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Term
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Definition
a. "Always the same"
b. was central to Catholic arguments against Protestantism. |
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Term
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Definition
a. King Henry VII
b. King Edward VI and Queen Mary
c. Queen Elizabeth
d. Pietism & Methodism
e. Puritanism |
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Term
| Church of England (Anglicanism) |
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Definition
| a. The English Reformation |
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Term
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Definition
a. was anti-Lutheran and declared Defender of the Faith
b. sought annulment from Catherine of Aragon in order to seek marriage with Anne Boleyn
c. 1532 - 1534; England passed legislation limiting the influence of the papacy
d. Sought to break away from the church of Rome
e. 1534, the king is appointed Supreme Head of the Church of England
f. Maintained traditional church doctrines and practices (Catholic) |
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Term
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Definition
| a. becomes adviser for ecclesiastical affairs under rule of King Henry VIII |
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Term
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Definition
a. became the Archbishop of Canterbury under the rule of King Henry VIII
b. 1548; begins creating new liturgy |
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Term
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Definition
a. comes to the throne in 1553
b. Attempts to restore the Latin (Catholic) liturgy, clerical celibacy, and monasteries
c. only the Catholic surviving child of Henry VIII
d. 3) Began to persecute protestants as heretics (The Marian persecutions, "bloody ____", had Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake |
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Term
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Definition
a. Daughter of Anne Boleyn
b. Comes to the throne in 1558
c. Attempts to make the Church of England inclusive |
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Term
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Definition
| rejected by puritanism in favor of a more rigorous structure |
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Term
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Definition
a. unify the church in practice, but not doctrine
b. 1) The compromise was necessary to prevent war from being declared
c. 2) No one was satisfied as it did not support either the protestant and catholic churches completely. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Adopted the liturgy and prayer book of 1552
b. Kept the church structure of bishops (Episcopal structure)
c. Kept ecclesiastical vestments (Allows the decoration/art/music to be reintroduced)
d. Allows belief in the real presence of Christ but did not make it necessary |
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Term
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Definition
a. Emerges in the late 16th century
b. Puritans are reformers who are frustrated by the Elizabethan settlement as too compromised
c. Puritanism is a form of Reformed theology and practice that emphasizes the experiential and church-related aspects of faith.
d. The transformed heart and conversion experience identify a true believer or saint;
i. Only after this experience are you a true believer
e. Puritanism is an attempt to purify the church by adopting a rigorous pattern of the NT
i. They rejected vestments, images, and instrumental music in worship
ii. Wanted to replace Elizabeth's via media and replace it with a more rigorous structure |
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Term
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Definition
a. Methodism is a movement founded by John Wesley (1703 - 1791) and his brother Charles Wesley (1707 - 1788)
b. emerges as a separate religion |
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Term
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Definition
a. John Wesley
1) The transformed heart became his message. Without it, the person was, at best, and external Christian
2) Anyone could choose to believe
3) Human beings have the capability to triumph over sin in addition to ask for God's forgiveness.
4)Sanctification was now in reach of the true believer. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Named after Arminius, it is an alternative to Calvinism and traditional Reformed positions:
i. Conditional predestination - Christ dies for all but only those who believe are saved.
ii. A person can resist the grace of God, that which saves.
iii. A true believer can fall from grace
b. 1642; i. Civil War in England of Church of England Arminians (sacramentalists), and Puritans. |
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Term
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Definition
a. 1549; affirms justification by faith, use of the vestments, baptismal and Eucharistic liturgies, and the real presence in the Eucharist.
b. 1552; affirms clerical marriage, removes Catholic elements and develops new order of Anglican worship. |
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Term
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Definition
a. The Baptist form of Protestantism emerged out of English Puritanism and separatism.
b. This Group had several practices that came to be associated with later Baptists
i. The believers church, or gathering church
ii. Believer's baptism (learned from Mennonites in Amsterdam)
iii. Local church independence
iv. Congregationalists structure |
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Term
| John Smyth & Thomas Helwys |
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Definition
a. Established the first Baptists Church in 1609.
b. Soon after establishing the church in Amsterdam, Helwys and others returned to England, where they established the first Baptist Church of England near London.
c. Helwys also defended religious liberty |
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Term
| "City Upon a Hill" (Wintrhop) |
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Definition
a. Plymouth Separatists cooperated with the Puritans (nonseparating Independents) who settled in Massachusetts Bay (1630). The majority of the New England settlers were Puritans, and they wanted a truer form of the established church that would have the characteristics of a church of the elect.
b. Governor Winthrop famously said that this colony was to be a "city upon a hill." He meant that like every other effort of godly people, Massachusetts was to be visible for all the world to learn from it. |
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