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Definition
| Area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, and behavioral spects of movement |
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By sherrington
A stimulus leads to a response sequence of events |
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| Limitations of reflex theory |
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Definition
1. voluntary movements can be activated without sensory input
2. speed of movements; some so fast that no their is no feedback
3. variety of motor responses to same stimulus |
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Definition
by Hughlings Jackson
CNS organized into centers:
High-->association cortex
middle-->sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum
low-->spinal cord |
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Definition
by berstein
cooperative action of many systems
shifting locus of control
coordinative structures simply control |
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Definition
by vereijken
Novice, advanced and expert learners |
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Term
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Definition
| learner simplifies the movement to reduce the degrees of freedom |
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Term
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Definition
| Learner begins to release additional DOF, muscle synergies used to produce coordinated movement |
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| Learner has release all DOF, optimizes efficiency of movement |
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Definition
| absence of peripheral feedback and error detection |
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| Closed-loop control system |
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Definition
| Feedback used to correct movement, can initiate corrections |
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Definition
| A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capacity for skilled behavior |
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Definition
by adams
sensory feedback compared with stored memory of intended movement
Provides reference of correctness and error detection |
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Definition
by schmidt
slow movements are feedback based whereas fast movements are program based
Schema: rule, concept, or relationship formed on the basis of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| used to select, define initial movement conditions |
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Definition
| Used to evaluate movement responses based on expected sensory consequences/outcomes |
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Definition
by fitts and posner
3 stages: cognitive, associative, and autonomous |
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Term
| Cognitive stage of motor learning |
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Definition
finding appropriate strategy, overall understanding of skill, cognitive map
"What to do" |
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Term
| Associate stage of motor learning |
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Definition
refining a movement pattern, use of proprioceptive rather than visual cues
"how to do" |
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Term
| Autonomous stage of motor learning |
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Definition
skilled at movement, automatic, less attention needed, can perform in changing situations
"How to succeed" |
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Term
| Two stage theory of motor skill acquisition |
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Definition
by gentile
"getting the idea fo the movement"-understand the goal, develop movement strategies
"Fixation/diversification"- refining movement patterns, adapt to changing task and environment |
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Term
| Knowledge of performance (KP) |
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Definition
| feedback about the quality of movement pattern |
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Term
| Knowledge of results (KR) |
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Definition
| feedback about the end result of outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| given after set number of trials |
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Definition
given after every trial initially, then progressively less frequently
good for early and later learning |
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Definition
given only when performance is outside given error range
Allows for trial and error |
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Definition
| given after brief delay, allows for self reflection |
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Definition
rest time less than practice ime
good for high motivation, concentration, and endurance |
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Definition
rest time equal or longer than practice time
gives most learning per training time |
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Definition
| repeated practice in a predictable order, good for early acquisition of skills |
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Definition
| Predictable but non repeating order, good for retentin and generalizability |
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Definition
non-repeating and unpredictable order
good for retention and generalizability |
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Term
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Definition
imagine or visualize motor task
when combined with physical practice increases accuracy and efficiency |
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Definition
| the gain or loss of task performance as a result of practice or experience on some other task |
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Definition
| practicing component parts of a motor activity in order to learn the whole activity |
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Definition
| patient practices movement on unaffected side first, then progresses to practice w/ the affected side |
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Term
| regenerative synaptogenesis |
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Definition
| sprouting of injured axons to innervate previously innervated synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| reclaiming of synaptic sites of injured axon by dendritic fibers from neighboring axons |
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Definition
| spontaneous recovery due to functional use cortical reorganization |
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| Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) |
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Definition
by Bobath
postural control is foundation for all skill learning
facilitate normal movements through the use of handling and key poins of control |
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Term
| Motor relearning programme for stroke |
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Definition
by Carr and Shephard
several basic functional tasks are analyzed and then practiced
Essential assistance use as guidance (i.e. only touch when necessary) |
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| Recovery stages in patients with stroke |
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Definition
by brunnstrom
6 stages of recovery and patterns of abnormal synergistic control in patients with stroke |
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Definition
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Term
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| emergence of basic limb synergies (abnormal UE and LE patterns) |
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Definition
| Voluntary performance of all or part of basic limb synergies |
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Definition
| Beginning of controlled movement outside or synergistic pattern |
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Definition
| Relative independence of basic limb synergies |
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Definition
| Isolated, coordinated joint movement |
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Definition
by Kabat, Knott & Voss
Functional patterns that are spiral and diagonal |
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Term
| Neuromuscular/Sensory stimulation techniques |
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Definition
By Rood
Phasic stimuli (quick ice/stretch)
Tonic stimuli
Facilitatory/inhibitory stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| reflex activation for movement patterns in developmental sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| co-contraction of agonist and antagonist to stabilize body from head to feet |
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| Movement superimposed on co-contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| skilled work, with emphasis on distal portions of body segment |
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