Term
| Conventional radiography is synonymous iwth what |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a radiograph (plain film) |
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Definition
| made without contrast enhancement or equipment modification |
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Term
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Definition
| form of electromagnetic radiation not visible to the eye |
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Term
| what does plain film image provide |
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Definition
| two dimensional anatomic image of a 3D object |
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Term
| How many views necessary to assess anatomy for plain film |
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Definition
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Term
| an image has increased radiographic density if... |
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Definition
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Term
| what does it mean to be radioopaque |
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Definition
| tissue absorbs more radiation than other tissues |
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Term
| an object has decreased radiographic density if what |
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Definition
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Term
| what does radiolucent mean |
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Definition
| the tissue absorbs less radiation |
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Term
| tissues from most radio-opaque to most radio lucent (5) |
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Definition
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Term
| ABC"s to reading plain films refers to what |
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Definition
Alignment
Bone density
Cartilage spaces
Soft Tissues |
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Term
| ABCs to Reading Plain films: Alignment refers to what (4) |
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Definition
gross size of bone(s)
number of bones
bony shape/contour
Jt position |
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Term
| ABCs to Reading Plain films: Bone density refers to what (3) |
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Definition
general
local
texture abnormalities |
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Term
| ABCs to Reading Plain films: Cartilage spaces refers to what |
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Definition
jt space width
subchondral space
epiphyses or growth plates |
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Term
| Reading Plain Films: Soft tissues refers to what (5) |
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Definition
gross mm size
general soft tissue outline
jt capsule outline
periosteum
fat pad |
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Term
| Good film series to ID a spondy |
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Definition
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Term
| Plain-Film Radiography Advantages: (5) |
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Definition
inexpensive
quick
availability
diagnostic for certain conditions (trauamtic fx)
has led to overutilization in certain settings |
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Term
| Plain-Film Radiography Disdvantages: (3) |
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Definition
exposure to radiation
lack of sensitivity
for certain conditions a screeining tool, not a diagnostic tool |
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Term
| Plain-Film Radiography Disadvantages: lack of sensitivity refers to what |
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Definition
| must lose 30-70% of bone density before visual changes noted on film |
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Term
| Specialized Radiography: 3 main categories |
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Definition
stress radiographs
video fluroscopy
contrast enhanced radiography |
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Term
| Specialized Radiography: 4 subtypes of contrast enhanced radiography |
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Definition
arthrography
myelography
diskography
angiography |
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Term
| what are stress films used for |
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Definition
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Term
| how is a stress film taken |
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Definition
| radiograph taken while stress applied to a jt |
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Term
| (2) examples for using a stress film |
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Definition
spine flexion/extension film for ADI or segmental instability
ankle stress film for chronic instability |
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Term
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Definition
| uses x-rays to evaluate the quality and quantity of jt motion |
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Term
| what is video fluroscopy used to ID |
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Definition
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Term
| videofluroscopy disadvantage |
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Definition
| high exposure to radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a contrast agent with film |
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Term
| when is arhtrography most often used? |
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Definition
| visualization of wrist, shoulder, hip, knee , and ankle |
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Term
| specific injuries arthrography is used for (4) |
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Definition
Labral tears
articular injuries
TFCC
adhesive capsulitis |
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Term
| arthrography is used when what is contraindicated |
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Definition
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Term
| Arthrography may be used with what other 2 imaging studies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a radiographic study of spinal cord, nerve roots, dura mater, and spinal canal |
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Term
| how is a myelography done |
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Definition
| contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space |
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Term
| What is myelography used to ID (5) |
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Definition
disk herniation
tumors
nerve root injury
cord compression
stenosis |
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Term
| myelography may be used with what other imaging studies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inject a contrast medium into the nucleus pulposus of IVD (lumbar or cervical) |
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Term
| What is discography used to dx or ID? |
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Definition
| location of LBP via pain presentation and dye pattern |
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Term
| Discography may be used with what other imaging study |
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Definition
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Term
| Discography is primarily indicated if what |
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Definition
| unremitting back pain w/o radiculopathy and negative studies |
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Term
| Computed Tomography Principles: uses what type of radiation |
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Definition
| electromagnetic radiation |
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Term
| Computed Tomography Pirnciples: external operation |
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Definition
| x-ray tube and x-ray detector rotate around pt |
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Term
| Computed Tomography Pirnciples: internal operation |
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Definition
| detectors connected to a computer that formualtes the images or cross sectional views of different regions of the body |
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Term
| Computed Tomography Pirnciples: often utilized with what |
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Definition
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Term
| Computed Tomography Advantages: (5) |
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Definition
greater anatomic detail vs plain films
very sensitive and specific modality for fx detection (esp complex fx)
excellant images thorugh plaster/fiberglass
Additional views available (axial views)
multiplanar reconstructions |
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Term
| Computed Tomography Disadvantages: (3) |
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Definition
uses ionizing radiation
expensive
extensive artifacts from metal |
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Term
| MRI vs CT: what is NOT used for MRI images |
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Definition
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Term
| MRI principles are based on what |
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Definition
| hydrogen atoms exhibiting a random oriented spin |
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Term
| chemical principles for MRI |
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Definition
| hydrogen atoms exhibit a random oriented spin |
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Term
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Definition
| pt is placed in a strong magnetic field |
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Term
| MRI at the atomic level (2) |
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Definition
proton alignment is disturbed by radiofrequency pulse
Electromagnetic radiation is emitted as protons return to original alignment |
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Term
| how do the signals intensify for MRI |
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Definition
| from tissues with varying concentrations of protons intepreted by a computer |
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Term
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Definition
fat is brighter
better for defining anatomy
good for seeing muscle bellies |
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Term
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Definition
fluid appears brighter and fat is suppresed
better for assessing jt pathologies |
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Term
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Definition
excellent anatomic details including soft tissues
safe: ionizing radiation not employed to get images |
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Term
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Definition
expensive
length of time needed to complete the study
claustrophobia
limitations in ability to visualize cortical bone
risk of injury if ferromagnetic objects present
non-portable |
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning aka |
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Definition
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning/Scintigriphy: relies on what |
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Definition
| IV radiopharmaceuticals (Diphosphonates, gallium-67) are taken up rapidly by bone |
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning/Scintigriphy: when does scanning begin |
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Definition
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning/Scintigriphy: provides a marker for what |
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Definition
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning/Scintigriphy: what results in increased absorption levels of the radiopharmaceutical |
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Definition
| areas of increased cellular activity |
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning/Scintigriphy: is used to ID what |
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Definition
| fx not detected by x-ray or damaged to bone d/t cancer, trauma, infection, or other conditions |
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Term
| Radionucleotide Bone scanning/Scintigriphy: sensitivity vs specificity |
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Definition
good sensitivity
poor specificity |
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Term
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Definition
scans entire skeleton
very sensity to early bony changes
used with suspicion of fx (particular stress), cancer, (especially metastatic), infection
reasoanble cost |
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Term
| ULtrasound is used to assess what |
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Definition
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Term
| ULtrasound cost and speed |
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Definition
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Term
| ULtrasound creates an image how |
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Definition
| sending out and recording the return of sound waves |
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Term
| ULtrasound good for ID'ing what conditions (3) |
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Definition
RC tears
Achilles
Hemarthrosis |
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Term
| ULtrasound limited for what pathologies |
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Definition
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Term
| ULtrasound diagnostive use is relative to what |
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Definition
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Term
| ULtrasound also used as what (2) |
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Definition
assessment tool
for biofeedback for specific mm training in PT |
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Term
| Canadian C Spine Ruels senstivity vs specificity |
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Definition
99-100% sensitive
45-91% specific |
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Term
| Pittsburg Knee Decision Rule: Criteria (3) |
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Definition
hx of blunt trauma or fall
inability to bear wt both immediately and in the ER
age younger than 12 or older than 50 |
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Term
| Pittsburg Knee Decision Rule: a positive test is what (2) for referall for x-ray |
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Definition
pt history of blunt trauma
either inability to wt bear or age |
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Term
| Pittsburg Knee Decision Rule sensitivity and specificity |
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Definition
sensitivity 99-100
specificity 60-79 |
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Term
| Ottawa Ankle Rules: 2 mandatory criteria |
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Definition
| if pain in the anterior apsect of medial/lateral malleoli and talar dome |
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Term
| Ottawa Ankle Rules: non-mandatory criteria (3) |
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Definition
bone tenderness at the posterior aspecet of thhe medial malleolus
bone tenderness at the lateral malleolus
inability to bear wt immediately or in the ER |
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Term
| Ottawa Ankle Rules: sensitivity and specificity |
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Definition
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Term
| Ottawa Foot rules: mandatory requirement for xray |
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Definition
| pain in the dorsal medial/lateral aspect of the midfoot |
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Term
| Ottawa Foot rules: optional requirements for xray |
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Definition
bone tenderness at the base fo the 5th MT
bone tenderness at the navicular
INability to bear wt immediately after injury or in the ER |
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Term
| Ottawa Foot rules: senstivity vs specificity |
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Definition
98% sensitive
32% specific |
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