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Definition
purposes:
1. tells me where to look
2. indicates completely what area(s), how many areas or what portion , how much of an organ is involved in the abnormality. If the change is within a single structure, then the words used should describe how much of the structure and what specific area(s) of that structure are involved. |
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within the wall
used to describe lesion location in esophageal and GI tract, trachea and the other "hollow" organs of the body. |
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within the lumen of a tube.
used to describe lesion location in the tubes of the body and other organs that have lumens, i.e., trachea, bronchi, esophagus, GI, urethra, gall bladder, ventricles, etc. |
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means improperly or abnormally aligned
a full description using directional terms should accompany this term |
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displacement of parts
used with reference to joints to mean that the joint surfaces are no longer in contact
directional terms should be added |
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incomplete dislocation
directional terms should be added |
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spread widely through a tissue
(synonymous=widely distributed)
sometimes used to mean uniform distribution |
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| scattered, distributed over a considerable area; also used to indicate multiple organs |
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| means affecting many parts or all parts of an organ |
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| affecting both (two) sides |
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| affecting both sides equally-like mirror images |
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isolated to one area or region
(synonym=local/localized) |
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| multiple areas of involvement |
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going all the way around a structure
it could be used when describing how much of a region of bone has periosteal new bone
can be used in the GI tract to describe a wall (mural) lesion or external lesion impinging on the bowel wall |
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Definition
optimally a measured size should be given (if not actual an estimate should be given)
anatomic structures are 3D so remember to assess size in both projections and if nto round/square indicate the height, length, width or thickness |
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| a size term meaning small and spotty; as if marked with points or punctures |
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multiple, medium to small non-uniform sized holes
often confluent |
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term used to indicate a very small, but uniform size (1-3 mm diameter)
this is most frequently used in the description of very small, distinct, multiple soft tissue shadows seen in the lung tissue
this is a common finding in some forms of mycotic pneumonia, but is not limited to mycotic pneumonia |
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| when possible a geometric shape description should be given (circular, round, sphericle, ovoid, oblong, rectangular, triangular, linear) or even a comparison to something commonly seen in nature |
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describes round, small to medium sized structure
(good rule of thumb size of nodule vs. mass is nodule is less than or equal to 2 cm diameter and >2 cm is a mass)
the phrase multi-nodular is used to obviously imply many nodules |
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Definition
means having no definite form or shape
often used with respect to new bone formation or mineralization in a soft tissue area |
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spindle shaped meaning enlarged in teh center and tapering to thin points at both ends
frequently used in reference to the spinal cord as seen on myelogram |
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having the end cut squarely off
often used in the description of abnormal pulmonary vessels
instead of having a normal tapering end, they end abruptly |
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Definition
folded or extensively pleated
used to describe the bowel when a linear foreign body is present
resembles the pleats of an accordion or "ribbon" candy |
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Definition
always count to be sure the correct number of structures or components of organs are present.
if the number is incorrect (too few or too many) this must be indicated
the number of lesions should also be included in the assessment of distribution |
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describe the surface or perimeter of a shadow
(smooth, irregular, interrupted, bumpy, scalloped, wispy, brush-like fuzzy, lacy, ragged, undulating, lumpy, distinct, indistinct) |
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means layer, a thin layer
most often used in reference to the appearence of periosteal new bone formation, where it describes bone appearing to have been formed in layers
these will typically be alternating streaks of quite opaque and not so opaque layers
it resembles the layers/rings seen in a cut onion |
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derived from spicule, which is a sharp, needle-like body
most frequently used when describing periosteal reactions (primarily new bone formation)
it would describe that the surface resembles sharp points. |
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| a spiculated appearence that radiates from a central area |
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means a fence of stakes
a stake being pointed at the top and set close with others
an analogy would be a close-set picket fence
term used to describe a periosteal new bone reaction
generally the points are not as sharp as spiculated |
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having bends or turns
used in description of abnormal pulmonary vessels (means the opposite of the straight course seen with normal vessels) |
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Border Effacement
Silhouette sign |
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Definition
loss of the visible margin of an organ b/c there is no contrast surrounding the organ (the reason you cannot determine thickness of the cardiac ventricular walls on survey radiographs--no contrast btw the blood and the mycardium)
in the abnormal condition, this would by why the liver edge would not be seen if there is peritoneal effusion |
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| describing the radiographic density of a structure should refer only to its optical density (how black, gray, or white) |
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| What terms should be used to describe the degree of whiteness or blackness of a shadow/region seen in teh radiograph? |
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| Radiopaque (whiteness) or Radiolucent (blackness) |
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| What are the 5 basic radiographic opacities? |
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Definition
metal
mineral
soft tissue/fluid
fat
gas |
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Definition
describes the degree of whiteness seen in the radiographic image
objects absorb/attenuate some portion of the x-ray beam
changes in the degree of this can be described by adding the terms increased or decreased
change should be described in relation to what is normal for that organ/structure or with reference to a neighboring struction |
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Definition
used to describe the degree of blackness seen in teh radiographic image
objects that do not absorb much of hte x-ray beam
changes in the degree of this can be described by adding the terms increased or decreased
change should be described in relation to what is normal for that organ/structure or with reference to a neighboring struction |
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Definition
a term used to describe increased radiopacity used almost exclusively with reference to bone
it implies that there has been production of new bone to make its tissue density greater ("growing rigid or unresponsive, especially with age")
often used in reference to the subchondral bone of joints and to the reaction of bone adjacent to an insult such as infection, neoplastic inflammation or trauma
NOT a term used to describe periosteal new bone formation |
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Definition
terms used to describe a decreased opacity (or increased lucency) specifically with reference to bone
imply an active, often aggressive type of bone destruction
often modified by adding words that describe the distribution or uniformity of the lytic process and size of the lytic region |
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| meaning in only one region or in one bone |
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| meaning in more than one region or more than one bone |
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| meaning evenly distributed |
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| a size term meaning small and spotty, as if marked with points or punctures |
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| numerous, small uniformly sized, neraly imperceptible holes |
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| multiple, medium to small non-uniform sized holes; often confluent |
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| a single large sized hole, in its truest sense having a distinct margin |
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a general term used to describe a lesion that is radiolucent in the center and radiopaque on the perimeter
a good general initial descriptive or conclusive term that would then be followed by disease or etiologic differentials taht could cause such an effect |
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Definition
term used to describe uniformity of the change in opacity
implies a uniform change or an equal change in opacity throughout the region of change |
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Definition
term used to describe the uniformity of the change in opacity
implies a non-uniform/unequal change in opacity throughout the region affected |
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Definition
appearing as small dots (could be opaque or lucent)
would also imply a size and shape |
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Definition
means the set of images made and evaluated prior to any administration of contrast material
can also mean the radiographic images done prior to some manipulation of the animal's part being examined
this set of images constitutes the "raw/naive" appearance of the anatomy before you have intentionally altered it
valuable in comparison to the contrast/post-manipulation images |
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Term
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Definition
radiographic images produced after you have intentionally added a contrasting material to the body
usually specifically named to refer to the organ, body system or body cavity into which the contrast has been added (may include the contrast media used or its opacity quality) |
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Definition
| contrast study of the esophagus used to identfy the lumen and thus to make the location of the esophagus visible |
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Definition
| indicates that barium was the contrast media given orally |
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Definition
contrast study of the renal system
excretory modifier tells you the physiologic mechanism by which the contrast gets through the kidneys (excretion)
excretion by the kidneys implies that the contrast media is delivered to the kidneys by the vasculature |
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Definition
| demostration of the colon location by means of adding air via a rectally placed tube |
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Definition
| the set of images acquired through the body region |
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Definition
b/c the image information in CT is base on the intensity of the x-ray beam striking the receptor, the data created is based on teh numerical attenuation of the x-ray beam
the basic reference word to describe the whiteness through shades of gray to blackness
much of the description of visibility of a structure is comparison of one area to the adjacent area/region |
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Definition
more greatly attenuation than another area
in the CT image this is depicted as a lighter shade of gray to white
(the cortical bone is hyperattenuating compared to the marrow) |
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Definition
less attenuating than another area
in the CT image this is depicted as a darker shade of gray to black (gallbladder is hyperattenuating compared to the liver parenchyma) |
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Definition
same degree of attenuation as the comparative area
most likely used when a lesion is not evident in teh survey scan but is made evident by the administration of contrast
(the hepatic nodule is isoattenuating in the precontrast series) |
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Definition
the plane of the body perpendicular to the long axis (analogous to transverse)
CT studies acquire axial plane sections/slices in almost all cases
sagittal and dorsal plane images can be refomatted from axially acquired data |
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Definition
| phrase used to describe an increased attenuation in a region after iodinated contrast has been given |
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Definition
b/c the CT image is based on numerical data of the tissue' attenuation of radiation, each pixel actually has a calculated linear attenuation coefficient that has been transformed to HU
the utility of this is that you can make valid comparisons of differences in attenuation of a tissue's or organ region's normal HU to that in the pathologic site
this number remains valid despite our ability to manipulate the apparent visible different on the digital display using windowing/leveling |
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Definition
| the basic reference term for the ultrasound signal that is displayed |
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Definition
the creating of an echo or sound reflection due to the presence of an interface between two structures/substances that have an acoustic impedance difference
by convention an echo is displayed as a brightness or white in the ultrasound image |
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Definition
literally without echos
within the body this is a substance in which there are no acoustic impedance differences or no interfaces
this will be displayed as black
(ex. normal bile and urine) |
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Definition
more or stronger echoes
base on the makeup of the organ/tissue there may be more interfaces with greater acoustic impedance differences and thus the echoes will be more intense or stronger and will be displayed as brighter areas |
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Definition
less/weaker echoes
base on the makeup of the organ/tissue there may be fewer interfaces/interfaces with less acoustic impedance differences and thus the echoes will be less intense or weaker and will be displayed as less bright areas |
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Definition
equal in number and intensity of echoes
this term would be used when comparing adjacent organs or areas within an organ |
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Term
| Nuclear Imaging-Scintigraphy |
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Definition
studies that are achieved by administering a radioisotope (IV, oral,injection into an organ or infusion into the rectum) to the patient and capturing the pattern of radiation subsequently emitted from the patient
images are not very good spatial resolution so the terms for shape, contour and margin are not used in as refined a manner as for radiography |
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Definition
is to flash (as a burst of light)or to sparkle
scintigraphy is the making of an image based on the pattern of radiation flashes or counts of flashes received and analyzed |
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Definition
describes the degree of emission of radiation from the anatomical area
modified by increased or decreased |
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Definition
in many instances the radioisotope is chemically tagged to a drug that has a specific distribution in the body
this specific distribution is the manner through which the isotope is delivered to the organ of interest.
this will localize any/all areas of the skeleton that have absorbed the chemical |
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Definition
the general term for expressing the presence of gamma radiation in the region of anatomy because the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical
the quantity term used to modify uptake are:
greater
increased
decreased |
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Definition
absence of radiation
(deficiency of photons or gamma radiation) |
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Definition
generally refers to the specific control parameters selected to create the different image effects
many different sequences can be chosen |
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| What are the most common sequences chosen for MRI? |
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Definition
| T1 and T2-weighted sequences |
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Definition
| means that the sequence parameters are selected to emphasize the T1 versus the T2 relaxation characteristics of the tissues |
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Definition
| the term used to refer to the change in the magnetization of the tissue |
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Definition
this is what is being monitored to form the image
the radiofrequency signal |
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Definition
describes the degree of the signal
unique to MRI: the signal intensifies (bright versus dark change in the expected manner)
modifiers:
hyper
hypo
iso |
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| What is the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid that uses a conventional basic T1-weighted sequence? |
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Definition
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| What is the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid that uses a conventional basic T2-weighted sequence? |
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