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What is the arrow pointing at?

Calcified Atherosclerotic Plaque:

Usually multiple, irregular in shape and sharply defined & have a verticolinear pattern (those are staples on the patients right)

Calcified lymph node:

An example of dystrophic calcification 

Calcified Triticeous (often mistaken for calcified artheromatous)

Example of an Idiopathic calcification? 

Myositis Ossificans:

Example of Heterotopic Ossification 

Ossification of Stylohyoid Ligament:

Example of Heterotopic Ossification 

Phlebolith: they appear as radiopaque or may have "target" appearance.

Example of Idiopathic Calcification

Phlebolith:they appear as radiopaque or may have "target" appearance.

Example of Idiopathic Calcification 

Rhinolith: calcification in the nose. (usually exogenous, such as beads, coins, and more often in children)

Example of Idiopathic calcification 

Sialolith:

found in salivary ducts and hard to distinguish from lymph node calcification.

Example of Idiopathic Calcification 

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What is the error shown in this PAN

Patient too far foward = minified anterior teeth

(remember foward= fine)

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What is the error shown in this PAN

Patient too far back= Magnified/blurry

(Remember back=big)

Chin tipped too low:

-excessive curving of occlusal plane

-hard palate bowed downward "V"

-exaggerated smile line

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What error is shown in this PAN

Chin tipped too high:

-upside down smile line

-condyles are slayed out

-hard palate bows up

-maxillary anteriors are blurred

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Head turned to one side:

Ramus=larger

Teeth overlapping and large

Anatomy will appear larger on the side turned closer to the source

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Slump spine:

spine is not completely erect/straight

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Palatoglossal air space:

tongue is not completely to the roof of the mouth 

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Patient Movement:

appears as wavy outline of cortex of the lower border of the mandible and sometimes even in hard palate 

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Earring and Eyeglasses Artifact:

Ghost images can be seen with this error 

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Lead apron artifact

(and a palatoglossal airspace too)

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What error can be seen in this PAN?

Film Crimpling:

-This appears as a black mark on the processed image.

-it can occur due to bending the film, or accidently scratching with fingernail 

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What error is shown in this PAN?

Damaged screen:

-improper manipulation of the screen can result in a damaged screen

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What is the error shown in this film?

Static electricity:

-black lightning like or starburst artifacts in the film emulsion due to combination of dry air and friction on the surface of the film

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 What type of radiograph is this?

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What type of radiograph is this?

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

Excellent for soft tissue contrast and looking at disk in TMJ

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What type of radiograph is this?

PET scan (Nuclear medicine):

uses radioactive atoms or molecules that emit gamma rays 

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What type of radiograph was used to get this image?

Sialogram 

Used for the examination of salivary glands 

(image shows an obstruction)

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What type of radiograph is this?

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What type of radiograph is this?

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What type of radiograph is this?

Water's technique (AKA sinus radiograph)

useful to evaluate the maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid sinuses

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What type of radiograph is this?

Reverse Towne (AKA open mouth projection)

Used to examine fractures of the condylar neck of the mandible 

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What type of radiograph is ths?

Submento-vertex radiograph 

(AKA base projection)

Used to show base of the skull, position and orientation of the condyles, sphenoid sinus and fractures of the zygomatic arch. 

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What type of radiograph is this?

Transcranial View

(AKA TMJ projection)

Used in diagnosis of ankylosis, malignances (cancer), fractures, and tissue changes caused by arthritis. A series of radiographs showing TMJ in both open and closed position is essential for diagnosis. 

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Is this considered localized or generalized?

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Is this a localized or generalized lesion?

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What is the pink arrow pointing to?

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

Pink=soft tissue lesion

Blue=hard palate

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How would you describe this lesion?

Well defined and corticated 

-usually cystic or benign

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How would you describe this lesions border?

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Would this border be considered corticated or non-corticated?

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How would you describe these lesions?

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Would this lesion be considered ovoid or scalloped in shape?

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How would you describe the shape of this lesion?

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Is this an example of a radiopaque or radiolucent lesion?

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Is this an example of a radiolucent or radiopaque lesion?

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

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Is this cyst Odontogenic or non-odontogenic?

Odontogenic cyst

(radicular cyst)

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Is this cyst odontogenic or non-odontogenic?

Non-odontogenic cyst

(Nasopalatine cyst)

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The cyst shown in this image is most likely benign or malignant?

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The appearance of teeth "Floating in space" is common to benign or malignant lesions?

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What is this image showing?

When confined to periapical region its referred to as?

When spreads to bone marrow referred to as?

Inflammatory

Infection that is limited to the periapical region of the tooth is called periapical inflammatory lesion. 

When it spreads to the bone marrow and is no longer contained to the tooth apex, it is called osteomyelitis.

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Descibe how cysts usually appear 

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This is an example of what type of lesion?

Fibro-osseous

normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue containing abnormal bone or cementum.

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The lesion spanning the arrow is considered benign or malignant?

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This was caused by a benign or malignant lesion?

Malignant

Malignant tumors represent an uncontrolled growth pattern. They are locally invasive and have the ability to metastasize to other sites.

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This is an example of what type of caries?

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This is an example of what type of caries?

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These are examples of what?

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

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Carious lesions that go more than halfway through the enamel are considered?

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These are examples of what?

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These are examples of what?

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This is an example of what?

Cervical burnout

The constricted cervical neck of the tooth, absorbs less x-ray energy than areas above or below it. 

-wedge shaped radiolucency at the interproximal cervical neck of posterior neck

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

Developmental defect

developmental defects such as enamel hypoplasia can mimic carious lesions

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

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This is considered to be what stage of perio?

Early periodontitis

-blunting of crest anteriorly

-rounding off of junction between alveolar crest and lamina dura

-loss of cortical density 

Are all signs of early perio

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This is considered to be what stage of perio?

Moderate Periodontitis

-horizontal bone loss or vertical osseous defects

-may have slight furcation involvement

-tooth may have slight mobility

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This is considered to be what stage of perio?

Severe periodontitis

-extensive horizontal bone loss or vertical osseous defects 

-moderate to severe furcation involvement 

-severe tooth mobility

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This is an example of what type of defect?

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This is an example of what type of defect?

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This is an example of what type of defect?

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This is an example of what type of defect?

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This is an example of what?

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What etiological factor of perio is present in this image?

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This is an example of what?

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This is an example of what?

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What anatomical structure is shown?

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What anatomical feature is shown?

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What two anatomical features are shown?

First arrow= nasal fossa

second arrow=inferior nasal concha

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What anatomical feature is shown?

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What anatomical feature is shown?

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What anatomical feature is this?

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What anatomical feature is this?

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What anatomical feature is the purple arrow pointing to?

Green?

Purple= Hamulus

Green= Maxillary tuberosity 

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What is this anatomical feature?

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What is indicated with the blue arrow?

Green?

Blue= Coronoid process

Green= zygomatic bone

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What anatomical features are shown here?

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What anatomical feature is shown here?

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What anatomical feature are the two arrows pointing to?

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What anatomical feature is shown here?

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What are the blue arrows pointing to?

Orange?

Blue=Mylohyoid ridge (internal oblique ridge)

Orange= External oblique ridge 

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What anatomical feature is the purple arrow pointing to?

Blue?

Purple= Genial tubercle

Blue= Lingual foramen

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What is this anatomical feature?

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What is the error?

Radiopaque artifact

patient preparation error

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What is the error?

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What is this error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

"Tire track"

"Geometric"

"Herringbone"

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

Image severely distorted

Film bent 

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

Blank film

-x-ray machine not turned on

-button not pressed 

-BID not aligned with film 

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

Black streak 

-improper fixing/rinsing

-dirty rollers 

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What is the error?

White artifact 

-droplets of fixer 

-air bubbles

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What is the error?

Deposits on film

-contaminated 

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What is the error?

Stains 

Brown stain- contamination of fixer by developer solution

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

Moisture contamination

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What is the error?

Static electricity 

"lightening or tree like" marks on film 

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What is the error?

Torn emulsion and scratches

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What is the error?

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What is the error?

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What are the radiopaque objects in these pictures?

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What is the arrow pointing to?

Older composite

They appear radiolucent 

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What are the radiopaque spots?

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This is an example of what type of restoration?

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What are these?

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What is shown in both these images?

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What is is the restorative material in the tooth to the right?

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What are the small projections?

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What is this restoration?

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What are the red arrows pointing to?

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What type of restoration is this?

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What type of implant is this?

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What type of implant is this?

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What is the arrow pointing at?

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What are the arrows pointing to?

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What is this an example of?

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What is shown here?

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What are those?

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What is shown in this image?

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What is this?

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What is the yellow arrow pointing to?

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What is the red arrow pointing to?

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What is the red arrow pointing to?

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What is the red arrow pointing to?

Pterygomaxillary fissure 

Looks like a upside down tear drop

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What are the red arrows pointing to?

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What are the red arrows pointing to?