BRAKING or BREMSSTRAHLUNG

slowing of high speed electrons that hit the nucleus

70% !!!!

electron dislodges K-shell electron causing ionization

30% !!!!

MOST DAMAGING

photon gives up part of its energy, interacts with other atoms until its energy is gone

62 % !!!!

8 % !!!!

"unmodified scatter"

no change in atom occurs

cells that are resistant to radiation 

(muscle cells, bone cells, nerve cells)

larger radiation dose

hair loss, cataracts, redness of skin, less fertile

used w/o film holder, decreased exposure time

visualize imaginary bisector formed by long axis of tooth

outer/inner canthus of the eye

ala-tragus line

mid-sagittal line (right and left)

occlusal plane

requires use of screen, placed between two intensifying screens.

when exposed to x-rays, screens covert x-ray energy into light which exposes it

silver bromide !!!!

absorb x-radiation during exposure and store energy

DWFWD

DEVELOP, WASH, FIX, WASH, DRY!

6 min, .5 min, 10 min, 20 min

DFWD

develop fix wash dry

ADRP

accelerator - sodium carbonate - alkaline environment, softens emulsion

developing agent - (reducing agent) metol or elon builds gray tones, hydroquinone builds contrast

restrainer - potassium bromide - shrinks and hardens emulsion

preservative - sodium sulfite - prevents chem. breakdown

AFHP

acidifer - sulfuric acid or acetic acid - stops developer by neutralization

fixing agent (hypo) - sodium or ammon. thiosulfate - clears crystals

hardener - potassium alum - shrinks emulsion

preserative - sodium sulfite - slows deterioration of chemicals

HUMIDITY : 30-50% 

TEMPERATURE OF ROOM : 50-70%

HUMIDITY: 50-70%

TEMPERATURE OF ROOM: 70%

elongation

foreshortening

light - under (developed)

dark - over (developed)

unilocular - small and nonexpansile

multiocular - multiple compartments and expansile

corticated - definite borders

uncorticated - fuzzy borders

affects numerous teeth

seen in kids with poor diet habits or adults with decreased salivary flow

less than halfway through the thickness of enamel

class I

more than halfway through the thickness of enamel but does not include the CEJ

class II

extends to or through the DEJ and into the dentin but does not extend through the dentin more than half the distance to the pulp

class III

through enamel, through dentin, more than half the distance towards the pulp

class IV

aka "tube shift technique"

two radiographs of same area exposed at different horizontal angulation (mesially or distally)

intraoral: tubehead is still, angulation is variable, collimator is round or rectangular

panoramic: tubehead moves, angulation is set, collimator is narrow, vertical slit

calcium tungstate = blue light

rare earth = green light ; requires less x-rays; faster

ghost images

lead apron artifact (shark fin)

patient positioning

small detector that is placed intraorally to capture image 

(CCD, CMOS-APS, CID)

solid-state detector used in many devices

contains silicone chip sensitive to x-rays or light

wireless digital radiography system

reusable imaging system plate coated with phosphor instead of a sensor

image is transfered to computer screen

less rapid than direct digital imaging

CMOS-APS vs CCD

charged injection device

similar to CCD

no computer required !!!!

works in conjuction with intraoral video camera system

cessation of respiration (patients cant gag if they can't breathe)

contraction of muscles in the throat and abdomen

expose quickly

avoid the palate

reduce tacticle stimuli (salt on the tongue, ice water, topical anesthetic)

maxillary:

topographic

lateral

pediatric

mandibular:

topographic

cross sectional

pediatric

cathode ray electrons strike the tungsten atoms

kinectic energy is converted to x-ray photons through either characteristic radiation or general radiation