Term
| The controlling force for mass wastiSng? |
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Definition
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Term
| Important Factors in mass wasting? |
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Definition
1.)Nature of Slope Material
-solid rock
-unconsolodated material(angle of repose)
-vegitation
2.)water content
3.)steepness of slope |
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Term
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Definition
Fall: solid blocks of rock fall rapidly from a steep or vertical slope. Talus: rocky accum. at foot of cliff.-rockavalanche.
-Slide: rockslide is removed t point of weakness-Creep: slowest mass wasting process, downhill movement of debris.
-Flow: weath flow(soil), debris flow, mudflow and lahars, debris avalanche. |
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Term
| Effects of deforestation on mass wasting? |
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Definition
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Term
| Indicators of potential mass wasting problems? |
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Definition
| Hammocky topography, irregular surface, scars on mtn. side, accum of rock and unconsolodated material at base of slope. Open cracks on surface, planes of weakness(beds parallel valley wall), unnatural steep slope. |
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Term
| Triggers to mass wasting? |
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Definition
-water(heavy rainfall)
-earthquakes
-volcanoes
-human activity:building on slope, vegetation removal, increase angle of slope, addition of h2o. |
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Term
| Mass wasting events are classified by: |
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Definition
-Nature(consolidated vs unconsolidated
-speed
-nature of movement |
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Term
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Definition
-Fall: solid rock falls rapidly from a vertical or steep slope.
--Talus:rocky accum at foot
--Rock Avalanche
--Slide: rockslide is removed at weak point
*Creep: downhill movement of debris
--slowest
--unconsolidated move slow down slope by gravity.
*Slump:rapid slide of unconsolidated material along a curved surface
*Flows:Fluid mass movements
--earth, debris, mud, lahars, debris avalanche. |
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Term
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Definition
Dentric:Flat lying layers with similar rock type.
Trellis:folded rock layers
Rectangular:Rock units cut by joints or faults
Radial: high mtn peak(volcanoes) |
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Term
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Definition
97.2% global oceans
2.15% ince sheets and glaciers
.65% divided amond lakes, streams, subsurface water, and the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
average time between two floods of a given magnitude.
Depends on:
climate, width of floodplain, channel size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aportion of the water soaks into the ground moving downward, then laterally, and finally seeping into lakes, streams, or directly into the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
salt water: ocean
fresh water: glarciers(largest), ground water, lakes, atmosphere, biosphere.
Laminhar=even flow
Turbulent=bubbly flow |
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Term
| How are materials transported into rivers and streams? |
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Definition
Drainage Basins: land area that contributes water to a river system(drainage basin of one stream is seprated from another by an imaginary line called a divide.
Stream Flow: laminar or turbulent |
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Term
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Definition
straight: single channel
braided: multiple channels, split apart and join up again
Meandering: one main channel that winds back and forth across a flood plain-forms on low slopes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that influence stream flow? |
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Definition
velocity=distance water travels divided by time(ft/s, m/s)
-miles per hour. distance/time=speed
Gradient:change in elecation dicided by distance(ft/mi) - slope=rise/run
Discharge: volume of water passing a point on the stream bacnk per unit of time (ft3/s, m3/s) height x width |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter channel segment is called a cutoff and the abandon bend is called an oxbow lake. |
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Term
| Other features of streams? |
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Definition
Terraces:mark previous level of floodplain, formed by renewed down cutting to lower base level.
Alluvial Fans: fan shaped accum of sediments. form where streams adjust velocity when leaving a narrow valley for a broad relatively flat area.
Deltas: traiangular shaped deposits of sediment deposited as streams enter the ocean(and velocity slows) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a river overflows its banks during flood stage |
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Term
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Definition
| when a stream overlflows its banks onto the floodplain, the water flows over the surgace as a broad sheet. |
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Term
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Definition
the average time between 2 floods of a given magnitude
n=# of years of data
m=magnitude rank
ri=(n+1)/m |
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Term
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Definition
laminar:in straight paths, parralley to channel
*highest velocity toward center of channel
turbulent: erratic fashion, swirling, whirlpool like, fast speeds, erosice power. |
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Term
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Definition
Dissolved load:all the chemicals disolved in water
suspended load: finer particles that are suspended in the water column.
bed load:material that stream carries along bed by sliding, rolling and saltation. |
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Term
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Definition
-water evaporates into the atmosphere
-moisture condences into the clouds and gets heavy enough to fall out of the clouds.
-runoff from the mtns goes into the ocean
-evaporates back into the clouds
-from the clouds the rain falls into the ocean and on contient. |
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Term
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Definition
process where water soaks into the cracks or pore spaces within rocks, sediment or soil.
Depends(recharge) on:
-condition adn type of surface materials
-vegitation
-topography
-precipitation |
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Term
Gaining Stream
Losing Stream |
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Definition
-stream where is discharged to the stream
-is a stream that recharges groundwater |
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Term
| Unsaturated zone/Saturated Zone |
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Definition
-Unsaturated: area above the water table where openings in soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated but filled mainly with air.
Sat: zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| totaly volume of pore(void) space in sedimentary rock. May be fractures within rock or spaces between grains. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of water to flow threw spaces in rock or sediment. Spaces must be connected. |
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Term
| How do grain size, grain sorting and cemetn affect porosity and permeability? |
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Definition
-Gravel has large pores. Clay has extreamely fine pores. mud from the mississippi rover delta consists of 80% water.
-this is much higher than gravel would have, but the gravel pores are interconnected.
-the pores of the clay are generally isolated
-*As particle size decreases poreosity increases and permeability decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
sediment or rock that store and transmit groundwater in sufficient quantities.
-high porosity and high permeability |
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Term
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Definition
(confining beds)sediment or rock through which water cannot move, or moves very slowly.
-low permeability(porosity varies) |
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Term
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Definition
-unconfined: its open to the surface. contains saturdated and unsaturated zones.
confined: it is sandwhiched between two aquitards. not an open to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| water in a confined aquifer is under pressure and rises above the level of the well, water flows freely w/o pumping. |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive pumping draws down the water table into a cone-shaped depression around a pumping well. |
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Term
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Definition
| fresh water is less dense than sea water and over pumping draws saltwater into well near the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
when water is removed from pore spaces/cracks in sediment/rocks, the weight of overlying materials causes compaction and sinking of lad sufraces.
ex: LA, mexico city, Central California. |
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Term
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Definition
| -chemical weathering, most common in limestone, acid is strongest at the level of the water table, karst topography:hilly surface characterized by the presence of sinkholes, caverns and the lack of surface streams. |
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Term
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Definition
1.)dissolution occurs near the water table, enlarging previous fractures
2.)water table drops-leaves a cavity fill of air
3.)water infiltrates from above dissolveing limestone and minerals precipitate as water enters void space.
4.)minerals precipitate as formations known as speleothems.
=stalactite:attatched from roof
=stalagmite:attrached from floor |
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Term
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Definition
| hilly surface characterized by the presence of sunkholes, caverns and the lack of surface streams |
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Term
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Definition
-always in motion from gravity
-form from the accum. & compaction of snow
-need low temps(high latitude/altitude)in wet regions |
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Term
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Definition
Alpine/Valley:confined to mtn valleys(mt rainier)
Continental Ice Sheet: unconfined, blankets topography, large. EX antartica, greenland |
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Term
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Definition
| where snowfall exceeds melting |
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Term
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Definition
| where melting exceeds snowfall |
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Term
| Accumulation exceeds/equals/is less? |
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Definition
-exceeds ablation then the glacier front advances
-equals ablation then the glacier front remains the same.
-is less then ablation then the glacier fron receedes. |
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Term
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Definition
1.)melting
2.)calving(ice break off at front of glacier)
3.)Sublation(ice evaporates EX ice cubes left in tray for a long time
4.)wind erosion |
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Term
| Erosional features of Alpine Glaciers |
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Definition
1.)Glacial Striations:parallel scratches show the direction of movement
2.)U-shaped valleys: glaciers carved out
3.)Cirque;steep-walled, bowl-shaped(can have lakes in the center called Tarn Lakes)
4.)Hanging wall: tributary valley that has been isolatied by down-cutting of the glacier in the main valley
5.)Arete:jagged ridges along the divide
6.)Fjord:a glacial valley flooded by seawater |
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Term
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Definition
| deep fissure or crack in a glacier. they are caused by brittle behavior of ice at the surface as the deeper ice moces plastically over an uneven surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| a random mixture of rock debris in a fine-grained matriz. the diffrerent moraines are just an accum. of till found at different parts of the glacier. |
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Term
Depositional Alpine Features:
1.)Lateral Moraines
2.)Medial Moraines
3.)End moraines |
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Definition
1.)rock debris that collects between the glacier and mtn(edges)
2.)Medial:debris that is trapped where two glaciers join(center)
3.)end:accum of unconsolidated material deposited at the end of a glacier(front) |
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Term
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Definition
| unconsolidated material deposited directly beneath the base of a glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| debris deposited in fron of aglaciers by glacial streams, often sorted |
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Term
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Definition
its ability to trasmite a fluid.
-clays porosity is high(ability to store water is great)but its pore spaces are so small it has poor permeability |
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