Term
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Definition
1.Freud's term for our inborn basic drives (our "animal" instinct)
2.Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
3.
Freud's term for the conscience, the internalized norms and values of our social groups (the voice of society) |
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Term
1. front stage
2. back stage
3. role performance
4. role strain
Definition 186
conflicts that someone feels within a role |
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Definition
1. where performances are given
2.where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances
3.the ways in which someone performs a role, showing a particular "style" or "personality"
4. conflicts that someone feels within a role |
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Term
1. manifest functions
2. latent functions |
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Definition
1. the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
2. unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions |
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Term
1.positive sanction
2. negative sanction |
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Definition
1. a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize
2.
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
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Term
2. Gemeinshaft
1. Gesellschaft
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interet |
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Definition
1. a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interet
2.
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which every one knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness |
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Term
| 3 Stages of learning to take the role of "other" |
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Definition
1. Imitation (children under age 3, no sense of self imitate others.
2. Play: Ages 3-6, Play "pretend" others "princess, spiderman, etc)
3. Team Games: after about age 6 or 7: "organized play" learn to take multiple roles. |
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Term
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Definition
Kinsey Scale of spectrum of
human sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| Communitarianism : individual rights don’t overshadow collective responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
Second shift: interviewed married
couples after women entered
workforce |
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Term
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Definition
- Coined term “sociology” and positivism credited as founder of sociology, began to analyze the bases of the social order. Proposed application of scientific method to social world known as positivism. Did not apply scientific method himself
Auguste Comte - Coined term “sociology” and positivism
Auguste Comte - Coined term “sociology” and positivism
Auguste Comte - Coined term “sociology” and positivism |
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Term
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Definition
| Nickel & Dimed in America |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
“Feminine Mystique”/2nd
wave/women’s equal access to
education & employment |
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Term
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Definition
16
Sociological imagination, ‘power
elite’ |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of Evolution/natural selection/adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Police & community perceptions of black males |
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Term
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Definition
| Struct. Func. & “anomie”, Studied functions of deviance and religion, mechanical/organic solidarity contributed many important concepts to sociology. His comparison of the suicide rates of several counties revealed an underlying social factor; people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. The role of "social integration" in social life remains central to sociology today |
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Term
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Definition
Symb. Int:
dramaturgy/expressions
given/expressions given off |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote w/Karl Marx, Conflict theory: general inequality a derivative of class inequality |
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Term
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Definition
Neo-Malthusians: Population
growth will surpass earth’s ability
to sustain and feed |
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Term
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Definition
| Sym. Int./language one of the founders of symbolic interactionism, a major theoretical perspective in sociology. taught at the U of Chicago, students complied lectures into Mind, Self, and Society |
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Term
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Definition
| - Race explained in terms of Experience |
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Term
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Definition
Ethnomethodology:
everyday
analysis of interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Translated Comte into English became an advocate for the abolition of slavery, traveled widely, and wrote extensive analyses of social life. considered a social reformer rather than a sociologist due the way women were viewed during her lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Named Mead’s theory: Symbolic Interactionism |
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Term
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Definition
| - Structural Functionalism: “Tastes Public/Tastes Culture” |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes called second founder of sociology, coined term "survival of the fittest" Spencer thought that helping the poor was wrong, that this merely helped "less fit" survive (Social Darwinism) |
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Term
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Definition
| Body Rituals among the Nacirema |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Applied Soc./Est. Hull House |
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Term
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Definition
| Post-modernist theory: dissects U.S. cultural icons/”simulacrum” |
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Term
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Definition
Con. Theory study: inequality in
schools/”Savage Inequalities” |
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Term
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Definition
| Conflict Theory/alienation believed the roots of human misery lay in class conflict, the exploitation of workers by those who own the means of production overthrow of capitalists by proletariat was inevitable, did not consider himself a sociologist. His ideas influenced many sociologists particularly conflict theorist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| used cross-cultural and historical materials to trace the cause of social change and to determine how social groups affect people's orientations to life |
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Term
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Definition
Postmodern
theory,
panopticon |
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Term
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Definition
| - Men unable to parent properly (reject femaleness) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Race explained in terms of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Struct. Func. Study: school inequality in life |
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Term
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Definition
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving |
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Term
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Definition
Historical changes in men’s roles
as parents |
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Term
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Definition
Id, ego, superego/4 psychosexual
stages of development |
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Term
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Definition
| - Visual perception experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| Malthusian theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence |
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Term
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Definition
| - Hist. or race relations in CA in 19th century |
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Term
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Definition
| by Max Weber that means "to have insight into someone's situation" |
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Term
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Definition
| Social activist/founded NAACP first African-American graduate of Harvard, studied relations between AAs and Ws, combined the role of academic with social reformer, edited Crisis (journal), founded NAACP wrote The Souls of Black Folk |
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Term
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Definition
| - ‘Saints and the Roughnecks’, labeling deviance |
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Term
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Definition
| Ruling Class, similar to C.Wright Mills’ Power elite: economic,political, military institutions create network of influence |
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Term
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Definition
Social change starts with invention
& spreads one society to another
2 |
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Term
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Definition
| William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations (material culture changing before nonmaterial) |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society such as social class and relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionists and conflict theorists |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for non-material culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another. |
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Term
| Socialization accomplishes two main goals. |
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Definition
First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist
Second, socialization teaches individuals the norms, values, and beliefs associated with their culture and provides ways to ensure that members adhere to their shared way of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for non-material culture |
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Term
| The socialization process |
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Definition
| begins in infancy and is especially productive once a child begins to understand and use language But socialization is not complete at that point. It is a lifelong process that continues to shape us through experiences such as school, work, marriage, and parenthood, |
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Term
| philosopher Rene Descartes exclaimed, "I think, therefore I am," |
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Definition
| expressing this basic factthat we possess a consciousness about ourselves. |
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Term
1, The id,
2. The ego,
3. Superego |
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Definition
1. main goal is to achieve pleasure and to avoid pain in all situations, which makes the id a selfish and unrealistic part of the mind.
2. deals with the real world. It operates on the basis of reason and helps to mediate and integrate the demands of both the id and the superego. So the ego is the part of the self that says, "
3. composed of two components: the conscience and the ego-ideal.
The conscience serves to keep us from engaging in socially undesirable behavior, and the ego-ideal upholds our vision of who we believe we should ideally be
superego develops as a result of parental guidance, particularly in the form of the rewards and punishments we receive as children. It inhibits the urges of the id and encourages the ego to find morally acceptable forms of behavior. So the superego helps suppress the urge to kill your competitor |
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Term
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Definition
| this person, thought to be partially stuck in the first stage of development, might smoke, overeat, or be verbally aggressive. |
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Term
| "anal retentive “a neatnik, tightwad, or control freakis thought to be partially stuck in the second stage. These kinds of personality traits, rooted in early childhood (according to Freud), appear as "hang-ups" in the adult. |
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Definition
| “a neatnik, tightwad, or control freakis thought to be partially stuck in the second stage. These kinds of personality traits, rooted in early childhood (according to Freud), appear as "hang-ups" in the adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| a feminist and psychoanalytic sociologist, has written widely on human behavior and internal psychic structures, and how patterns of gendered parenting and early childhood development can lead to the reproduction of traditional sex roles in society |
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Term
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Definition
The Looking-Glass Self
that we all act like mirrors to each other, reflecting back to one another an image of ourselves. We do this in three steps.
1. We imagine how we look to othersnot just in a physical sense, but in how we present ourselves.
2. We imagine other people's judgment of us. We try to picture others' reactions and to interpret what they must be feeling.
3. We experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other people's judgments. |
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Term
| psychosexual stages of development |
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Definition
| four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud. Each stage is associated with a different erogenous zone. |
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Term
| George Herbert Mead Mind, Self, and Society: |
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Definition
1.preparatory stage the first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others
2.play stage the second stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other particular or significant other the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes
3.game stage the third stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other
4. generalized other the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior
5.dual nature of the self the belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me" |
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Term
| situations interactionally |
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Definition
in interaction with others.
eye roll and the nod are expressions of behavior, tools we use to project our definitions of the situation to others. |
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Term
| Goffman calls expressions given |
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Definition
| are typically verbal and intendedmost of our speech falls into this category. Almost all of what we say, we mean to say, at least at that moment. Only in situations of extreme emotional response such as fear, pain, or ecstasymight we make unintended utterances |
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Term
| Expressions given off, like the eye roll and the nod |
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Definition
| are typically nonverbal but observable in various ways and may be intended or unintended. Things like facial expressions, mannerisms, body language, or styles of dress are important indicators to others about the definition of the situation. |
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Term
W. I. Thomas
Thomas theorem |
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Definition
| states that "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"). In other words, because we encounter ambiguous situations every day, many meanings are possible. The way we define each situation, then, becomes its reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| , Goffman is saying that it's not just what you say but how you say it that creates meaning. |
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Term
expressions given expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as
utterances
expressions given off observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal |
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Definition
expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as
utterances
observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal |
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Term
front
2. personal front
3.region
4.Front and Back
5.backstage
6.front stage |
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Definition
1.in the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances
that helps establish the definition of the situation
2. the expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation
3. in the dramaturgical perspective, the context or setting in which the
performance takes place
4.Regions Most of us maintain multiple selves and show a different face to different people. However, when the boundaries between front and back regions break down, as they did when news leaked about Arnold Schwarzenegger fathering a child with a member of his staff, the results can be scandalous.
5.in the dramaturgical perspective, places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances
6.in the dramaturgical perspective, the region in which we deliver our public performances |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact |
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Term
| autoethnography ethnographic |
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Definition
| description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer - Observing one's own behavior is a variant of the ethnographic method you read about in Chapter 2 known as autoethnography |
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Term
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Definition
| social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place - that have the most significant impact on our lives. These forces, called agents of socialization, provide structured situations in which socialization takes place. - The family is the single most significant agent of socialization in all societies. |
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Term
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Definition
The military, prisons, and cults are examples of total institutions where individuals' identities are stripped away and re-formed.
Total institution an institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones |
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Term
1. Adult Socialization
2.resocialization |
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Definition
2.Being an "adult" somehow signifies that we've learned well enough how to conduct ourselves as autonomous members of society. But adults are by no means completely socialized.
2.the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life |
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Term
1.status
2.ascribed status
3.embodied status
4.achieved status
5.master status |
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Definition
1.a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations
2.an inborn status; usually difficult or impossible to change
3.a status generated by physical characteristics
4.a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others
5.a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess |
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Term
1.role
2.role conflict
3.role strain
4.role exit the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy |
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Definition
1.the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status
2.experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations
3.the tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role
4.the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy |
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Term
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Definition
| to refer to this phenomenon and further claims that the postmodern individual tends to have a "pastiche personality," one that "borrow[s] bits and pieces of identity from whatever sources are available" |
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Term
| "the commercialization of feeling," or emotion work. |
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Definition
| Emotion Work In many sales and service jobs, employees must engage in surface or deep acting to display the emotions that their jobs require. |
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