Term
1.
What is the lack of menstruation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1.
what are the causes of amenorrhea? |
|
Definition
pregnancy
PCOS
hyperprolactinemia
ovarian failure |
|
|
Term
| 1. what is the absence of menstruation by age 15? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. what is the absence of menstruation for 3 or more cycles in women who have previously menstruated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. what are common causes of secondary amenorrhea related to behavior? |
|
Definition
weight loss
malnutrition
exercise |
|
|
Term
| 1. what are common causes of secondary amenorrhea related to disease or conditions? |
|
Definition
perimenopause
lactation
thyroid disorders
hyperprolactinemia
HPO interruption (PCOS) |
|
|
Term
1.
Anovulation is associated with amenorrhea. What are the hormones involved in this state? |
|
Definition
decreased gonadotropins
decreased LH
decreased FSH
decreased dopamine
low GnRH |
|
|
Term
1.
what are some tests for secondary amenorrhea? |
|
Definition
check for pregnancy
rule out stressors
get TSH/prolactin levels |
|
|
Term
2.
Painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles (but not with pelvic disease) is classified as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2.
what effect do prostaglandins have? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstrictor, causing uterine hypercontractility, decreased blood flow to uterus, and increased nervve hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
2.
secondary dysmenorrhea often occurs when? what is the pathology? |
|
Definition
manifested later in reproductive years
-pelvic pathology (ovarian cysts, endometriosis) |
|
|
Term
2.
Dysmenorrhea results in increased COX enzyme activity. what does this result in?
what is a treatment for this? |
|
Definition
up-regulated COX enzyme activity results in synthesis of prostaglandins
NSAIDs, and exercize/stress reduction help |
|
|
Term
2.
What effect do prostaglandins have on ovulation and endometrial activity? |
|
Definition
they make women anovulatory, preventing dysmenorrhea;
the endometrium becomes atrophic, and decrease prostaglandin synthesis and myometrial contractility |
|
|
Term
3.
what hormones affect anovulation and how? |
|
Definition
increased prolactin
decreased gonadotropin
irregular secretion of gonadotropin
low levels of CNS neurotransmitters (dopamine, GnRH) |
|
|
Term
3.
release of an egg results in high levels of what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3.
anovulatory bleeeding means no egg release, what effect does this have on progesterone and estrogen? |
|
Definition
no increased levels of progesterone without an egg release.
ovaries continue to secrete estrogen |
|
|
Term
3.
during anovulatory bleeding, only estrogen is released, not progesterone. what effect does this have on the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| bleeding can happen at random times |
|
|
Term
4.
what are the terms for uterine fibroids?
where do they form? |
|
Definition
leiomyomas/myomas
form in smooth muscle tissue of the uterine wall [myometrium] |
|
|
Term
4.
leiomyomas cause what effects on estrogen, GnRH, and progesterone?
what causes pain? |
|
Definition
| lack of blood flow leads to necrosis and pain |
|
|
Term
4.
what are risk factors for fibroids? |
|
Definition
DM
HTN
African American
No children |
|
|
Term
5.
What is a cyclic recurrence of distressing physical, psychological, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
5.
during what phases does PMS happen? |
|
Definition
| luteal phase, post-ovulatory |
|
|
Term
5.
what is the effect by PMS on the RAAS system? |
|
Definition
| increased edema, bloating, weight gain |
|
|
Term
5
what effect does PMS have on estrogen and progesterone? |
|
Definition
increased estrogen
low progesterone |
|
|
Term
5
which neurotransmitters play a role in S/S manifestation? |
|
Definition
| GABA, serotonin, noradrenaline |
|
|
Term
6.
what is molluscum contagiosum? |
|
Definition
| BENIGN VIRAL infection of the skin (commonly children) |
|
|
Term
6.
where does molluscum contagiosum affect on the body? |
|
Definition
| face, hands, lower abdomen, genitalia |
|
|
Term
6.
what to the lesions look like in molluscum contagiosum? |
|
Definition
| dome-shaped papules/ umbilication |
|
|
Term
6.
how is molluscum contagiosum transmitted? |
|
Definition
bedding, clothes, stethoscope
-fomites |
|
|
Term
6.
is molluscum contagiosum commonly found with HIV positive individuals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6.
how long until molluscum contagiosum resolves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6.
is molluscum contagiosum an STI? |
|
Definition
| yes, it usually affects the abdomen, genitalia, and perianal areas |
|
|
Term
7.
what is the term for the most common inflammatory response of the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7.
is irritant contact considered immunological? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7.
what areas are affected by psoriasis?
does psoriasis have any genetic associations? |
|
Definition
it is a chronic inflammatory disorder involving the skin, scalp, nails
-psoriasis has HLA associations |
|
|
Term
7.
what is the most common symptom associated with primary skin disorders? |
|
Definition
pruritis-itching
most associated with eczema, psoriasis, lice infection |
|
|
Term
8.
what are the two types of vesiculobullous skin diseases? what is their common manifestation? |
|
Definition
pemphigus and erythema multiforme
manifested with characteristic blister formation |
|
|
Term
8.
what is the cause for pemphigus?
how? |
|
Definition
it is an autoimmune disease
autoantibodies attack desmoglein in suprabasal layer of epidermis
[has both genetic and environmental triggers |
|
|
Term
8.
what are the forms of pemphigus? |
|
Definition
pemphigus vulgaris
pemphigus foliaceus
paraneoplastic pehmphigus
IgA pemphigus |
|
|
Term
8
what is pemphigus vulgaris? |
|
Definition
-most common
-IgG destruction of cell-to-cell adhesion
-painful |
|
|
Term
8.
what is pemphigus foliaceus |
|
Definition
-mild for
-cell to cell adhesion is destroyed at subcorneal level
-blistering, scaling, crusting, erythema
-happens to face, chest |
|
|
Term
8.
what is paraneoplastic pemphigus? |
|
Definition
SEVERE
-associated with lymphoproliferative neoplasms
-affects internal organs: lungs, thyroid, kidney, GI, smooth muscle
-lesions are papules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-benign pemphigus
-mild blister formation |
|
|
Term
8
what is bullouse pemphigoid? |
|
Definition
-benign autoimmune disease
-blistering of subepidermal skin layer
-triggered by drugs, skin trauma
plaques turn reddish/purple in 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
8
what is the difference between pehmphigoid and pemphigus? |
|
Definition
| pemphigoid has subepidermal blistering, and involves IgE and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
8
what is erythema multiforme? |
|
Definition
| syndrome of skin and mucous membrane inflammation mediated by t-cells |
|
|
Term
8
what causes erythema multiforme? |
|
Definition
| reaction to organisms or drugs |
|
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Term
8
how do lesions appear in erythema multiforme?
is there prodrome?
how is it managed? |
|
Definition
bull's-eye lesions
prodrome: headache, malaise, sore throat, cough
managed with bland diet, saline eyewashes, and topical anesthetics |
|
|
Term
9.
what is a UTI?
what are common causes? |
|
Definition
inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by bacteria from gut flora
-can be caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of ureter, renal pelvis, or kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the urethra |
|
|
Term
9.
what are the types of prostatitis? |
|
Definition
| chronic, acute, and non-bacterial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to visualize Hyphae under UV light; the spores are scraped off from tinea infections to determine what the infection is. |
|
|
Term
11.
what is another term for atopic dermatitis? |
|
Definition
| atopic eczema or allergic dermatitis |
|
|
Term
11.
what is lichenification? |
|
Definition
| thickened skin due to itching |
|
|
Term
11.
what is the association with atopic dermatitis? |
|
Definition
| family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy |
|
|
Term
11.
mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages do what to incite inflammation, causing atopic dermatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
11.
how does atopic dermatitis predispose for infection? |
|
Definition
transepidermal water loss allows for penetration of pathogens and allergens through the skin
--does not have bacteria itself! |
|
|
Term
12
what causes keloid formation?
what are the key cells? |
|
Definition
caused by excessive collagen formed during healing, even beyond the boundaries of the wound
-the key cells are MYOFIBROBLASTS |
|
|
Term
13
what is the most common skin disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13.
what are the two types of acne vulgaris?
describe them. |
|
Definition
INFLAMMATORY: closed comedones when the follicular wall ruptures, expelling sebum into the surrounding dermis and initiating inflammation
NON-INFLAMMATORY- comedones are blackheads (open) and whiteheads (closed) where material causes distention of the follicle and thinning of canal walls |
|
|
Term
13.
what boosts size and productivity of sebaceous glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
14.
what are causes of epididymitis? |
|
Definition
usually STI (gonorrhea, chlamydia)
e-coli, influenza,
-urine backflow (chemical epididymitis) |
|
|
Term
15
what is the difference between primary and secondary dysmenorrhea? |
|
Definition
primary- pain due to release of prostaglandins (menstruation) in ovulatory cycles
secondary- pain with pelvic pathology (ovarian cysts, endometriosis) |
|
|
Term
16.
what is the difference between vaginitis and vaginosis? |
|
Definition
vaginitis: normal flora disruption WITH elevated WBC count
vaginosis: normal flora disruption WITHOUT elevated WBCs |
|
|
Term
16.
what is the common cause of yeast vaginitis? |
|
Definition
| antibiotic use, destroying normal flora, allowing overgrowth of candida albicans |
|
|
Term
17.
what is BPH?
What happens with BPH? |
|
Definition
benign prostatic hyperplasia
-causes compression (obstruction) of the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remodeled stroma leads to inflammation
-high O2 demands lead to hypoxia
--hypoxia leads to angiogenesis, fibroblasts/myofibroblasts |
|
|
Term
17
what can happen due to long-term urine retention? |
|
Definition
| infection, hematuria, bladder calculi, hydronephrosis, or renal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
17
what is a test to determine hyperplasia or prostate cancer? what are the normal levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18
what is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer in men in the united states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18.
what is the strongest risk factor for prostate cancer? |
|
Definition
OLD AGE
-also: diet, hormones, ROS, vasectomy, chronic inflammation, genetic predisposition |
|
|
Term
18.
does BPH cause cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
18.
do estradiol levels decline with age?
do testosterone levels decline with age? |
|
Definition
estradiol does not decrease with age
testosterone declines with age |
|
|
Term
18
what are common distant metastases sites? |
|
Definition
| lymph nodes, bones, lungs, liver, and adrenals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreskin cannot be retracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreskin is retracted and cannot be moved forward to cover glans |
|
|
Term
19
what is the term for a congenital condition where the urethral meatus is located on the ventral side of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19
what is the term for a urethral forming on the dorsum of the penis, failing to form a tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord
"bag of worms" |
|
|
Term
20.
what is the cause of varicocele? |
|
Definition
anatomy:left testicular vein connecting to the renal vein is at a right angle
most common on the left
(right: caused by obstruction/vena cava problem) |
|
|
Term
21
what are the gonadotropins? |
|
Definition
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone (causing ovulation)
placental/chorionic gonadotropins; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
|
Term
21.
what are the two types of precocious puberty? |
|
Definition
| GnRH dependent (central) or GNRH independent (peripheral |
|
|
Term
21.
what are the causes of central puberty? |
|
Definition
GnRH dependent- HPG works normal but PREMATURELY
-CNS congenital anomalies, infection, trauma, tumors
-hypothyroidism
-genetics |
|
|
Term
21.
what are the causes of peripheral puberty? |
|
Definition
GnRH independent, sex hormones produced by something other than gonadotropins
-tumors (adrenal, hCG secreting tumor, gonadal tumor)
-exogenous steroids |
|
|
Term
21.
what is a congenital condition that exogenous gonadotropins are given? |
|
Definition
| cryptorchidism (testicular maldescent) |
|
|
Term
22.
what is the most commmon cancer in younhg men between 15 and 35? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22.
where to most tumors arise? |
|
Definition
germ cells from male gametes -90%
(other tumors named from their cellular origins:Leydig, Sertoli, granulosa, theca -10%) |
|
|
Term
22.
risk factors for testicular tumors? |
|
Definition
cryptorchidism
abnormal testicular development
HIV,
Klinefelter Syndrome |
|
|
Term
22.
what are S/S of testicular tumor? |
|
Definition
| gynecomastia, epididymitis, hydrocele, back pain (due to metastases) |
|
|
Term
23.
what are some bacterial STDs? |
|
Definition
chancroid
chlamydia
gonorrhea
mycoplasma genitalium
syphilis (treponema pallidum) |
|
|
Term
23.
what are some viral STIs? |
|
Definition
HIV
Herpes
HPV
Hep B/ Hep C
Molluscum contagiosum
Epstein-Barr
CMV |
|
|
Term
23.
what are some protozoal STIs? |
|
Definition
| Trichomonas vaginalis (trich) |
|
|
Term
23.
what are some parasitic STIs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23.
what are some fungal STIs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23.
what is the most common symptomatic viral STI in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24.
Is gonorrhea or chlamydia treatable by antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| chlamydia is much more easily treated by antibiotics |
|
|
Term
24.
how does gonorrhea cause infection in women? |
|
Definition
it causes disintegration of the cervical mucous plug
-uterine contraction may cause retrograte menstruation into the fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
24.
what are the effects of gonorrhea for men? |
|
Definition
| epididymitis, urethral stricture, fistula, and sterility |
|
|
Term
24.
what role do microbes play in bacterial infections? |
|
Definition
| microbes possess virulent potentiation factors for chlamydia nd gonoccal PID |
|
|
Term
24.
what are complicated bacterial infections associated with in women? |
|
Definition
salpingitis (fallopian tube inflammation
PID
Bartholinitis (gland swelling of the labia)
-all can cause scarring leading to sterility
-rapid onset, occurring with menses
- |
|
|
Term
24.
can chlamydia reproduce independently?
what are the stages of this bacteria? |
|
Definition
no, it is an OBLIGATE intracellular bacterium
-has a single body that is resilient and inert extracellularly
-this body enters host cell and becomes a parasite, reproducing |
|
|
Term
24.
can chlamydia and gonorrhea be differentiated clinically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24.
what is the leading cause of tubal infertility in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
other:
what is needed in order to get psoriasis?
what is the appearance of psoriasis? |
|
Definition
a genetic predisposition
-silvery demarcation |
|
|
Term
other:
what is Koebnar Phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| when a cut or bruise can start a psoriatic lesion |
|
|
Term
other:
what is Auspitz Sign? |
|
Definition
| small spots of bleed where lesion is removed |
|
|
Term
13.
what is a highly inflammatory form of acne where cysts and abscessed form beneath the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
13.
what does colonization of propionibacterium cause? |
|
Definition
| inflammation in acne vulgaris |
|
|
Term
other.
what is the cause of impetigo?
what are symptoms of nonbullous impetigo?
why does it cause blisters? |
|
Definition
-caused by streptococcus pyogenes
-small vesicles with a honey-colored syrum
-staph releases an exfoliative toxin |
|
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