Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A rule for describing the delivery of reinforcers for a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The distinctive rate and pattern of behavior associated with a particular reinforcement schedule. |
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Definition
| The Simplest of simple schedules is called ____. |
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Term
| Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. |
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Term
| Intermittent Schedule (also called Partial Reinforcement) |
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Definition
| Any of several reinforcement schedules in which a behavior is sometimes reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous reinforcement leads to very _____ increases in the rate of behavior, but it is rare in the natural environment. |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. |
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Definition
| An FR1 Schedule is also called ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals on fixed ratio schedules perform at a ____, often punctuated by ____ after reinforcement. |
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Term
Post-reinforcement Pause
(also called pre-ratio pause or between-ratio pause) |
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Definition
| A pause in responding following reinforcement, associated primarily with FI and FR schedules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more work required for each reinforcement, the ___ the post-reinforcement pause. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which behavior occurs once it has resumed following reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which on average, every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a VR schedule the length of the pause tends to reflect the ____ more than the average for the overall schedule. |
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Term
| Predatory behavior, commission and gambling |
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Definition
| Examples of VR schedules in the natural world. |
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Term
| Fixed Interval Schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed Interval schedules produce a ____ cumulative record. |
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Term
| Variable Interval Schedules (VI) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following an interval since the last reinforcement, with the interval varying around some average. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior previously reinforced is never followed by reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| Although the overall effect of extinction is to reduce the frequency of behavior, the immediate effect is often an abrupt increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another effect of extinction is an increase in the ____ of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extinction often increases the frequency of _____ behavior, particularly ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance of a perviously reinforced behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| In general, the ____ the interval between the two extinction periods, the greater the recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior is usually acquired _____, and extinguished _____. |
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Term
| Fixed Duration Schedule (FD) |
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Definition
| reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time |
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Term
| Variable Duration Schedule (VD) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a period of time, with the length of time varying around an average. |
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Term
| Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) |
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Definition
| a schedule in which reinforcers are delivered independently of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcer is delivered after a given period of time regardless of what behavior occurs. |
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Term
| Variable Time Schedule (VT) |
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Definition
| A reinforcer is delivered periodically at irregular intervals regardless of what behavior occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the requirements for reinforcement increase systematically |
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Term
| Progressive Ratio Schedule (PR) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the requirement for reinforcement typically increases in a predetermined way, often immediately following each reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a progressive reinforcement scehdule, the point at which the rate of behavior falls off dramatically or stops entirely. |
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Term
| Stretching the Ratio (Stretching the contingency) |
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Definition
| The procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required for reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too much. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules, neither associated with a particular stimulus, alternate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, each of which is associated with a particular stimulus, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series. The simple schedule s are not associated with different stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time. |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE) |
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Definition
| The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than following continuos reinforcement |
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Term
| Discrimination Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because it is harder to discriminate between intermittent reinforcement and extinction than between continuous reinforcement and extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because non reinforcement is frustrating and during intermittent reinforcement responding while frustrated is reinforced, so frustration becomes a signal for responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea the the partial reinforcement effect occurs because the sequence of reinforced and non reinforced behaviors during intermittent reinforcement becomes a signal for responding during extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect is due to differences in the definition of a behavior during intermittent and continuous reinforcement. (the PRE is an illusion) |
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Term
| Matching Law (Herrnstein) |
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Definition
| The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the strength of behavior due to its consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The consequences of a behavior is the appearance of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. |
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Term
Negative Punishment
(also called Penalty training) |
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Definition
| a behavior is weakened by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The greater degree of contingency between a behavior and a punishing event, the ____ the behavior changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the more consistently a behavior is followed by a punishing event, the ____ likely the behavior is to occur in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ___ the delay between a behavior and a punishing consequence, the less effective the punisher is. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ____ the intensity of the punishing stimulus, the ____ is the reduction of the punished responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| If punishment is to be used, then, the goal should be to begin with a punisher that is ______ to suppress the behavior at the outset. |
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Term
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Definition
| the success of efforts to punish behavior will depend, then, on the ______ of the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| When punishing an unwanted behavior, be sure to provide an ________ of obtaining the reinforcers that maintain that behavior. |
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Term
| Premack's Prinicple Applied to Punishment |
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Definition
| Low-probability behavior should punish high-probability behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of altering the environment to prevent unwanted behavior from occurring. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Any operant training procedure in which certain kinds of behavior are systematically reinforced and others are not. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) |
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Definition
| A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is different from an undesired behavior is systematically reinforced. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) |
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Definition
| A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL) |
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Definition
| A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced only if it occurs no more than a specified number of times in a given period. |
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