Term
1. Psychologists are interested in identical twins because differences between them are mainly due to
A. environment.
B. heredity.
C. chance.
D. measurement error. |
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Definition
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Term
2. The personalities of adopted children are usually most similar to which of the following?
A. their teachers
B. the other children in their adoptive families
C. their biological parents
D. their adoptive parents |
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Definition
| C. Their biological parents |
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Term
3. The home environment has a greater influence on children's ___ than on their ___.
A. gender identity; gender schemas
B. religious beliefs; personality traits
C. temperament; political attitudes
D. extraversion; table manners |
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Definition
| B. religious beliefs; personality traits |
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Term
4. An infant's temperament refers most directly to its
A. ability to learn.
B. physical health.
C. social connectedness.
D. emotional excitability. |
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Definition
| D. emotional excitability |
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Term
5. Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
A. gender-typing.
B. natural selection.
C. temperament.
D. gender schema theory |
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Definition
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Term
6. According to evolutionary psychologists, men are ___ likely than women to feel comfortable about
having casual sex with different partners and are ___ likely than women to cite affection as a reason
for their first sexual intercourse.
A. less; less
B. more; more
C. less; more
D. more; less |
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Definition
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Term
7. Behavior geneticists study
A. the way in which behavior mutates the genes that are passed down to the next generation.
B. the inheritance of individual differences.
C. the role of natural selection on the inheritance of behaviors.
D. the origin and divergence of racial groups. |
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Definition
| B. the inheritance of individual traits |
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Term
8. Rats who are raised with lots of toys in their cage tend to
A. have larger-than-average brains.
B. be more aggressive than average.
C. be lazy as adult rats.
D. be socially backward and unlikely to mate. |
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Definition
| A. have larger-than-average brains |
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Term
9. The "period of the zygote” stage of pregnancy ends in ___.
A. birth
B. viability.
C. implantation in the uterus.
D. consciousness |
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Definition
| C. implantation in the uterus |
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Term
10. We know that infants are born with a sense of taste because
A. surveys show that most people remember favorite foods from infancy.
B. babies have different facial expressions for different tastes.
C. they frequently put objects in their mouth.
D. their brains are fully developed. |
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Definition
| B. Babies have different facial expressions for different tastes |
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Term
11. The correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is
A. Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Formal Operational, Concrete Operational.
B. Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
C. Pre-operational, Sensorimotor, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
D. Pre-operational, Formal Operational, Concrete Operational, Sensorimotor. |
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Definition
| B. Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational |
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Term
12. Donna, an 8-month-old, watches her father hide her favorite toy under a blanket. She immediately
uncovers the toy and grabs it. Donna is showing that she has achieved
A. object permanence.
B. true thought.
C. reversibility.
D. conservation. |
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Definition
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Term
13. Daryl believes that there is more juice when it is in a tall, thin glass than when it is short, wide glass.
This shows that Daryl has not yet achieved
A. object permanence.
B. egocentrism.
C. conservation.
D. basic trust. |
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Definition
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Term
14. According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to
A. adhere to social norms.
B. become aware of the positive and negative consequences of their own behaviors.
C. distinguish between good and bad behaviors.
D. be capable of scientific thinking |
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Definition
| D. be capable of scientific thought |
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Term
15. Suzie is 8 months old. She and her mother are participating in Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation.” When
Mother is nearby, Suzie explores the room and plays with the toys. She whimpers when Mother
leaves her with the stranger and hugs Mother when she returns. According to Ainsworth’s theory,
Suzie has demonstrated ___ attachment.
A. insecure
B. submissive
C. secure
D. dominant |
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Definition
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Term
16. According to Kohlberg's findings, the “preconventional” stage of moral reasoning is evident when an
individual acts in order to
A. follow and uphold the rules.
B. follow a personal morality even if it conflicts with established rules or personal advantage.
C. seek rewards and avoids punishments.
D. oppose both abortion and capital punishment. |
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Definition
| c. seek rewards and avoid punsihment |
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Term
17. The process of ___ allows us to get meaning from our sensations.
A. sensory adaptation.
B. perception.
C. sensation.
D. kinesthesis |
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Definition
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Term
18. Brian can taste as little as a half-teaspoon of salt in a bucketful of hot buttered popcorn. This is a
measure of his
A. difference threshold.
B. equilibrium.
C. olfaction.
D. absolute threshold. |
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Definition
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Term
19. “Achiwawa, that’s hot salsa!” complained Gene to Abby. “I told you not to put in so many habanera
chili peppers.” “But I DID put fewer in this time,“ said Abby defensively. This argument is over
A. an absolute threshold.
B. a difference threshold.
C. egocentrism.
D. comparison theory. |
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Definition
| B. A difference threshold |
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Term
20. The conversion from light energy to neural impulses takes place in the ___ .
A. cornea
B. rods and cones
C. lens
D. thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
21. Which statement best describes human color vision, according to the Young-Hemholtz theory?
A. We have only three different color receptors, and so we can perceive only three colors.
B. We perceive different intensities of brightness as different colors, and so can distinguish
millions of colors with only one type of color receptor.
C. We have millions of different kinds of color receptors that allow us to distinguish millions of
different colors.
D. We have only three kinds of color receptors—red cones, blue cones, and green cones—but
we can distinguish millions of colors by the number of each type of cone stimulated. |
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Definition
| D. We have only three kinds of color receptors - red cones, blue cones and green cones - but we can distinguish millions of colors by the number of each type of cone stimulated |
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Term
22. An image on the retina is upside down, yet the world appears to us as being right-side up. This is
explained by the fact that
A. it is we who are really upside down, so the world looks right.
B. the proper orientation of a visual stimulus is culturally determined.
C. we are so used to seeing the world upside down, it just seems right.
D. we see with our brains, not just with our eyes, and the mental image is right-side up. |
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Definition
| D. we see with our brains, not just our eyes, and the mental image is right-side up |
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Term
23. Humans are able to recognize the color of an object under different lighting
conditions, such as at noon versus at sunset. This is known as
A. macular degeneration.
B. the Ken Burns effect
C. accommodation.
D. color constancy. |
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Definition
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Term
24. The figure below is confusing because it violates our expectations about line
drawings based on the perceptual principle of
A. proximity.
B. figure-ground.
C. similarity.
D. consciousness. |
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Definition
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Term
25. A good example of fixed ratio reinforcement would be
A. payoffs from a slot machine.
B. a weekly paycheck.
C. looking to see if you have any email.
D. having Mom put a gold star on the wall calendar every day you practice piano for at least one hour |
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Definition
| D. having mom put a gold star on the wall calendar for every day you practice piano for at least one hour |
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Term
26. A conditioned reflex can be described in classical conditioning terms as
A. NS→CS
B. US→UR
C. US→CR
D. CS→CR |
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Definition
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Term
27. Professor Schnitzel-Schnotzel classically conditioned a Scottish terrier to salivate to a bell by pairing
it with presentations of dog biscuits. After a while, the dog would salivate when hearing the bell, even
though the dog biscuits were not presented. Finally, the professor rang a bell that was higher in pitch
than the original bell used in training, but would not give the dog a biscuit. Eventually the dog would
salivate to the original bell, but not higher pitched bell. The professor had demonstrated
A. discrimination.
B. generalization.
C. higher order conditioning.
D. negative reinforcement. |
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Definition
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Term
28. Jimmy’s parents decide to negatively reinforce his recent success on spelling tests. They will
probably
A. increase the time he must spend on distasteful chores.
B. decrease the time he must spend on distasteful chores.
C. raise his allowance.
D. lower his allowance. |
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Definition
| B. decrease the time he must spend on distasteful chores |
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Term
29. In operant conditioning, behavior change is brought about by the manipulation of
A. reflexes.
B. consequences of behavior.
C. antecedent conditions
D. desires. |
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Definition
| B. consequences of behavior |
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Term
30. The absolute threshold for detecting the odor of a particular substance is the concentration necessary
for it to be correctly identified 1% of the time. |
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Definition
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Term
31. The difference threshold for weight is the same whether we are comparing two light objects (such as
two feathers) or two heavy objects (such as two bowling balls). |
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Definition
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Term
32. Brian ate some broccoli once and felt sick afterwards. Since then he has not been able to eat broccoli.
This is an example of classical conditioning. |
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Definition
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Term
33. The behaviorist B. F. Skinner is remembered in part for his invention of the operant chamber, a
device that automatically shapes and records an animal's behavior |
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Definition
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Term
a parenting style that is both strict and warm, relying on reason rather than
force to discipline the child (A) |
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Definition
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Term
| a parenting style that is strict, cold and distant (A) |
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Definition
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Term
the stage of pregnancy during which most of the organ systems of the body
emerge (E) |
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Definition
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Term
the stage of pregnancy during which the organ systems of the body develop
(F) |
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Definition
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Term
the place on the retina of the eye with maximum sensitivity to color and
detail (F) |
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Definition
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Term
light receptors particularly suited for night vision and movement detection
(R) |
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Definition
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Term
the movement of German psychologists that used visual illusions to
emphasized the importance of context in perception (G) |
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Definition
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Term
| the change of energy from one form to another (T) |
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Definition
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