Term
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Definition
| Pavlov's experiments demonstrated that an animal is learning to _____ which is important to survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed Pavlov was the biggest fool he knew. |
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Definition
| Believed Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Described himself as an experimenter head to foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| largely inborn and usually permanent reflex found in virtually all members of a species and that varies litter from individual to individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflex not present at birth, it must be acquired through experience and relatively impermanent. Varies considerably from individual to individual. |
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Term
| Unconditional Stimulus (US), Unconditional Response (UR) |
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Definition
| An unconditional reflex consists of an ____ (typically an event important to survival) and the behavior it evokes, the ______. |
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Term
| Conditional stimulus (CS), conditional response (CR) |
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Definition
| A conditional reflex consists of a ______, and the behavior it reliably evokes, the _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pavlov found that ______ could become a conditional stimulus if it regularly preceded an unconditional stimulus. |
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Term
| Pavlovian/Classical/Respondent Conditioning |
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Definition
| Each pairing of the CS and US is one trial, and the procedure (or experience) is best known as ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconditional reflexes are largely _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditional reflexes are the products of _____. |
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Term
| reflex response, regardless |
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Definition
| Two critical features of Pavlovian conditioning: First, the behavior involved is a _____; second, the CS-US pairing occurs ______ of what the individual does. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first to investigate higher-order conditioning in Pavlov's lab. |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Among people, ___ are particularly likely to become conditional stimuli by being paired with conditional stimuli - including other ___. |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| ____ is a type of higher-order conditioning where the CS is one step away from the US |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a type of higher-order conditioning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The further away you get from a pairing with the US, the weaker the CR is likely to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| You can measure the amount of learning in terms of the _____ - the interval between the onset of the CS and the first appearance of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the number of CS-US pairings increases, the response latency _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves presenting the CS alone (i.e., without the US) periodically, perhaps every nth trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| With test trials, learning is represented as an increase in the _____ of the Conditional Response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a neutral stimulus to elicit a CR after a US has elicited a reflex response. (ex, sensitized after needle jab) |
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Term
| Variables affecting Pavlovian Conditioning |
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Definition
- How the CS and US are paired
- CS-US contingency
- CS-US contiguity
- Stimulus features
- Prior Experience with CS and US
- Number of CS-US pairings
- Intertrial Interval
- Other: Age/temperament/emotional state |
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Term
| trace, delay, simultaneous and Backward |
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Definition
| The four basic ways of pairing stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| In ____ the CS begins and ends before the US appears. There is then, a gap between the two stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ___ the CS and US overlap. That is, the US appears before the CS disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both ___ procedures are capable of producing conditional responses, and most studies of Pavlovian learning involve one of these two procedures. |
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Term
| simultaneous and backward |
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Definition
| Because of the relative ineffectiveness of _____ procedures, they are seldom used in studies of Pavlovian conditioning. |
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Term
| simultaneous conditioning |
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Definition
| In ___ the CS and US coincide exactly. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ___ the CS follows the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ___ is an if-then statement. One thing is dependent on the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| How strong the conditioning is depends upon the percentage of time X and Y _____. (contingency) |
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Term
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Definition
| In the laboratory, it is a simple matter to ensure rapid learning by creating a ___ of contingency between the CS and US. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the closeness in time or space between two events. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the ___ between the CS and US. |
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Term
| Interstimulus Interval (ISI) |
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Definition
| The interval between the CS and US. |
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Term
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Definition
| In general, the ___ the ISI, the more quickly conditioning occurs. However the ____ procedure, with no interval, is ineffective. |
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Term
| Taste aversion conditioning |
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Definition
| Consists of pairing a distinctive taste with a substance that induces nausea. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is possible to obtain very good results with long CS-US intervals in studies of _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The __ of the CS and US affect the pace of conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| CS consists of two or more stimuli (e.g., a red light and a buzzer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance of a stimulus without the US interferes with the ability of that stimulus to become a CS later. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latent inhibition suggests that ___ are more likely to become conditional stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| One stimulus interferes with the ability of another to become a CS due to prior experience with one part of a compound stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which two neutral stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with a US. IF the other stimulus is then presented alone, it may elicit a CR even though it was never paired with the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the number of stimulus pairings and the amount of learning is not ___: the ___ several pairings are more important than the ___ ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gap between successive trials |
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Term
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Definition
| In general, experiments comparing various intertrial intervals find that ____ are more effective. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the conditional response will become ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of repeatedly presenting the CS alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| When, as a result of extinction, the CR no longer occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of the CR after extinction |
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Term
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Definition
- Stimulus Substitution Theory
- Preparatory Response Theory
- Compensatory Response Theory
- Rescorla-Wagner Model |
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Term
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Definition
| Pavlov proposed that conditioning involves the formation of ____ between the CS neurons and the US neurons. |
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Term
| stimulus substitution theory |
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Definition
| The CS merely substitutes for the US in evoking the reflex response |
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Term
| preparatory response theory |
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Definition
| The UR is an innate response designed to deal with a US but the CR is a response designed to prepare for the US. (ex, rat responds to tone by freezing to prepare for shock) |
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Term
| compensatory response theory |
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Definition
| the CR prepares the animal for the US by compensating for its effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Argues that there is a limit to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Rescorla-Wanger Model recognizes that the greatest amount of learning occurs in the _____ pairings of CS and US. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conditional response is so named because it depends upon many ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a well-established ____. |
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Term
| reflexive/glandular/autonomic |
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Definition
| Pavlovian conditioning usually involves ___ behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally speaking the shorter the CS-US interval, the ___ the rate of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Braun and Geiselhart found that older subjects acquired conditional responses less rapidly than younger subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Rescorla-Wagner theory assumes that there is a __ to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The least effective form of Pavlovian conditioning is probably the ___ procedure. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the result of the CS having appeared alone before conditioning trials. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first person to study human emotions systematically |
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Term
| conditioned emotional responses |
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Definition
| Our emotional reactions, including fear, love, hate, disgust, etc. |
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Term
| counterconditioning (Jones) |
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Definition
| the use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of previous conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| A person is gradually exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed. |
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Term
| systematic Desensitization (Wolpe) |
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Definition
| Exposed patients in their imagination to fear producing stimulus . |
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Term
| Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) |
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Definition
| A form of exposure therapy that relies on technology that creates simulated scenes that arouse anxiety. |
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Term
| conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| Prejudice is an example of CER, or ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired largely through the association of a particular group (word words and images representing or resembling that group) with negative words or images. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arise because people are more likely to make associations when they are experiencing higher levels of arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive US, often a nausea-inducing drug. |
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Term
| Conditioned Taste aversion |
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Definition
| An example would be blue jays avoiding monarch butterflies, because of the butterflies constitution consisting of milkweed. |
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Term
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Definition
| taste aversions often occur even when the US is delayed for _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Advertisers pair their products with items that arouse ____ |
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