Term
| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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Definition
| For of energy which exhibits wave-like props. |
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Term
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Dis. between too corresponding parts of a wave. LAMBDA
m |
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number of waves that pass a certain pt. in 1 sec
v
nu
Hertz |
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| Wavelength and Frequency are INVERSELY PROP. c= v times lambda |
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| Emission of electrons from the surface of a metal when light is shined on it. Scientists expected to see electrons ejected regardless of the frequency of the light shined on it. BUT THEY DIDN'T :O |
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| Suggested objects emit energy in small, specific amounts called QUANTUM. |
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| Minimum energy that can be gained or lost by an atom |
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Definition
DIRECTLY PROP.
h(planck's constant 6.626 x 10 ^34 J-s) = Energy in Joules/ v
E=hv
h=E/v |
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Definition
Introduced idea of dual nature of EMR
-Has props of both waves and particles (photons) |
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Definition
particle of electromagetic rad with no mass and carrying a quantum of energy
little packets of energy riding on waves |
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Proposed that energy is absorbed by matter in WHOLE NUMBERS of Photons
- Therefore, electrons can only be ejected if struck w/ a photon with a minimun quantum of energy.. if stuck w/ less= no electrons emitted by metal. |
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Continuous range of light frequencies (like a raaiiinbowww)
Scientists expected to see al colors because elctrons would be excited by any amount of energy added. BUT THEY DDIN'T :O |
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Term
| jOHANN bALMER, lYMAN, pASCHEN |
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Definition
Passed electricity throught H atoms- pink
Expected to see continuous spectrum of colors when passed pink light of H through Prism. BUT NO. It separated into a series of specific bands (frequencies) known as LINE-EMISSION SPECTRUM. |
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| A state of higher potential energy that an atom's ground state |
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| Electrons circle nucleus in distinct paths= orbits |
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Definition
| when electrons drop from higher orbit to lower one |
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Bohr. Used math to predict freqs of line- emissions from H
Matched actual emissions
ONLY WORKED FOR H |
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Term
| Louis De Broglie's Wave Hypothesis 1924 |
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Definition
If EMR could behave like particles, could matter behave like waves?
Proposed that electrons moving around the nucleus, could be considered like waves, rather than particles
Wavelength of an electron depends on its momentum
Wavelenth= h/mv |
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Term
| Erwin Schrodinger's WAve Equation |
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Definition
Incorporated both the wavelike behavior and particle-like behavior of electrons to predict where an electron would likely be found
His equation laid the foundation for Quantum Theory- mathematically describes the wave props of electrons and other small particles. |
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Term
| Werner Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle |
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Definition
It's impossible to know both the momentum and position of any particle at the same tiem
act of measuring an electron's position changes its momentum |
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Term
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Definition
| Specify the props of an orbital and the location of it's electrons |
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Indicates the main energy level
as "n" increases, so does amount of energy and distance from the nucleus |
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| Angular Momentum Quantum Number |
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Definition
Indicates the sublevel (shape) of the orbital
Represented by a lette
sperical s
dumbbell p
clover d
flower f |
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Definition
Indicates the orientation of the orbital
s- one direction <3
p- 3 diff directions
d- 5 diff directions
f- 7 diff orientation
Usually reped by dashed lines/ boxes in orbital diagrams
Total number of orbitals in each energy level- n^2 |
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Definition
Indicates direction of an electrons spin
reped by arrows in orbital diagrams each orbital can hold 2 electons w/ opp spins |
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Term
Aufbau Principle
aka diagonal rule |
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Definition
| Electrons are placed in the orbitals with the lowest available energy levels first |
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| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
NO 2 electrons in the same orbital can have identical quantum numbers
Must have opp spin quantum numbers |
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| Hund's Rule aka Urinal Principle |
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Definition
| Orbitals of equal energy are occupied by single electrons *w/ the same spin) before any orbital can contain 2 |
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Writing Electron Configs
Orbital Notation |
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Definition
| Orbital reped by dashes / a box w/ orbital name written underneath |
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| Number of electrons in each sublevel shown using superscript |
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| Previous noble gas in brackets followed by unique electron-config for each element |
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