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Definition
| heat absorbed or released when a rxn. occurs at constant pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| one for which delta H is positive, heat must be supplied to reactants for them to react |
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Term
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Definition
| one for which delta H is negative, heat is liberated when products formed |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the "disorder" of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| for any process at constant temp. is related to change in enthalpy, determines if there's net driving force for reactants or products to be formed |
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Term
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Definition
| if a system at equilibrium's disturbed, the direction it proceeds back to equilibrium is such that disturbance is partly offset |
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Term
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Definition
| expression having same form as equilibrium constant for rxn. |
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Term
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Definition
| equilibrium constant for dissociation of solid salt to give its ions in soln. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when salt's dissolved in soln. already containing one of the ions of salt, application of Le Chatelier's Principle |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when substance whose solubility not exceeded precipitates along w/one whose solubility is exceeded |
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Term
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Definition
| ions containing two + ions or molecules that are each stable by themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| an atom or group attached to central atom in molecule, or attached to anything else of interest |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| product formed when Lewis Base combines w/Lewis Acid |
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Term
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Definition
| produces hydronium ion or H30+ in aqueous solns. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces OH- in aqueous solns. |
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Definition
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| rxn. which 2 molecules of same species transfer a proton from one to the other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ones that cannot donate protons in an acid-base rxn. |
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Term
| Polyprotic Acids and Bases |
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Definition
| compounds that can donate or accept more than one proton |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that inc. the concentration of H+ when added to water |
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Term
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Definition
| one which activity of H+ > activity of OH- |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that dec. the concentration of H+ when added to water |
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Term
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Definition
| one which activity of OH- > activity of H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| study of interaction of light and matter |
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Term
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Definition
| any method using light to measure chemical concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| whole range of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, radio waves, x-rays, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental constant of nature equal to energy of light divided by freq. |
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Term
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Definition
| state of atom/molecule w/minimum possible energy |
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Term
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Definition
| any state of atom/molecule having more than minimum possible energy |
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Term
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Definition
| particle of light w/energy hv (h = Planck's constant and v = freq.) |
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Term
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Definition
| power per unit area of beam of electromagnetic radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| radiant power go light striking sample on one side divided by radiant power of light emerging from other side of sample |
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Term
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Definition
| logarithmic comparison of radiant power of light on one side divided by radiant power of light emerging from other side |
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Term
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Definition
| relates absorbance of sample to concentration, pathlength, and molar absorptivity |
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Term
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Definition
| cell w/transparent walls used to hold samples for spectrophotometric measurements |
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Term
| Spectrophotometric Analysis |
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Definition
| any method which light absorption, emission, reflection, pr scattering's used to measure chemical concentrations |
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Term
| Spectrophotometric Titrations |
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Definition
| one which absorption of light's used to monitor progress of titration rxn. and to find equilibrium pt. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes distribution of an e- w/in a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| one which e- is promoted from one energy level to another |
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Term
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Definition
| one which all e- spins are paired |
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Term
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Definition
| electronic state which there are two unpaired e- |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when molecule changes its vibrational energy |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when molecule changes its rotational energy |
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Term
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Definition
| radiationless, isoenergetic, electronic transition b/w states of same e- spin multiplicity |
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Term
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Definition
| radiationless, isoenergetic, electronic transition b/s states of diff. e- spin multiplicity |
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Term
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Definition
| process which molecule emits photon after absorbing photon and results from transition b/w states of same spin multiplicity |
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Term
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Definition
| emission of light during transition b/w states of diff. spin multiplicity, and is slower than fluorescence |
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Term
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Definition
| any emission of light by a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| emission of light by an excited-state product of chemical rxn. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 liquids that do not form a single phase when mixed together |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 liquids that form a single phase when mixed in any ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| method in which chemical species transferred from one liquid phase to another, used to separate components of a mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| process which solute's transferred from one phase to another |
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Term
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Definition
| technique in which molecules in mobile phase separated bc of their diff. affinities for a stationary phase |
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Term
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Definition
| in chromatography, phase that travels through column |
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Term
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Definition
| in chromatography, phase that does not move through column |
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Term
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Definition
| solvent applied to beginning of chromatography column |
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Term
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Definition
| what comes out of chromatography column |
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Term
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Definition
| process of passing a liquid or gas through a chromatography column |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatography column filled w/stationary phase particles |
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Term
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Definition
| in chromatography, capillary column whose walls are coated w/stationary phase |
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Term
| Adsorption Chromatography |
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Definition
| technique in which solute equilibrates b/w mobile phase and adsorption sites on stationary phase |
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Term
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Definition
| technique in which separation's achieved by equilibration of solute b/w phases |
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Term
| Ion-Exchange Chromatography |
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Definition
| technique in which solute ions retained by oppositely charged sites in stationary phase |
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Term
| Molecular Exclusion Chromatography |
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Definition
| technique in which stationary phase has porous structure into which sm. molecules can enter but lg. molecules cannot, so lg. molecules move faster |
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Term
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Definition
| technique in which a particular solute's retained by a column by virtue of a specific interaction w/a molecule covalently bound to stationary phase |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of mobile phase per unit time eluted from the column |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance per unit time traveled by the mobile phase |
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Term
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Definition
| graph showing chromatography detector response as a fxn. of elution time or volume |
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Term
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Definition
| the time, measured from injection, needed for a solute to be eluted from a chromatography column |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of solvent needed to elute a solute from a chromatography column |
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Term
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Definition
| the additional time required for a solute to travel the length of the column beyond the time required for unretained solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of adjusted retention times for 2 components |
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Term
| Capacity/Retention Factor |
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Definition
| adjusted retention time for a peak divided by the time for the mobile phase to travel through the column |
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Term
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Definition
| equilibrium constant for rxn. in which solute's partitioned b/w 2 phases |
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Term
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Definition
| how close 2 bands in a spectrum/chromatogram can be to each other and still be seen as 2 peaks, and diff. in retention times of adjacent peaks divided by their width in chromatography |
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Term
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Definition
| net transport of solute from region of high to low concentration caused by random movement of molecules in a liquid or gas |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which a substance moves randomly from region of high to lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| length of chromatography column divided by number of theoretical plates in column |
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Term
| Separation Factor/Relative Retention |
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Definition
| quotient of linear velocities of 2 solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| describes dependence of chromatographic plate height on linear flow rate |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of solute molecules parallel to direction of travel through chromatography column |
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