Term
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Definition
1. Deductive
2. favors casual theories and models
3. Uses standardized measures
4. Uses samples to represent the general population
5. Looks at large scale phenomena
6. Findings are usually numerical |
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Term
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Definition
1. Inductive
2. discovering and developing new concepts and theories
3. Use non-standardized and evolving measures
4. Small numbers of participants
5. Looks at small scale, everyday phenomena
6. Findings usually in narrative form |
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Term
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Definition
| theory -->hypothesis-->observation-->confirmation |
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Term
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Definition
| Observation --> Pattern --> Tentative Hypothesis --> Theory |
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Term
| What to consider when choosing Qualitative versus Quantitative? |
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Definition
Nature of what you're looking at (is it blink rate in birds or someone's experience in a rehab program?)
Purpose of study
How developed the concepts are (exploratory is good for Qual)
Constraints from participants or setting
Researcher preferences |
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Term
| Key Characteristics of Qualitative Research |
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Definition
| Systematically looks at activities and experiences in a context driven way that is intended to provide a greater depth of understanding. Participants aren't reduced down to mere data, their influence is clearly reflected in the study. |
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Term
| Characteristics of a Good Qualitative Researcher |
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Definition
1. Flexibility and problem solving
2. Able to think on feet
3. Good interpersonal skills (interest in people, empathetic, non judgemental )
4. Comfortable with ambiguity and innovation, due to iterative nature of work, creative
5. Curiosity about social world
6. Meticulous, thorough, systematic work habits
7. Self aware and capable of self assessment |
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Term
| Challenges of Qualitative Research |
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Definition
1. Have to have specialized skills
2. You have to make sure you make justified decisions that you can defend, or your research wont hold up
3. Iterative process, have to revise plans as you learn more
4. Have to be reflexive because of your role in generating the data
5. Tend to be a lot of ethical dilemmas because you're working directly with people
6. Lack of structure to follow |
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Term
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Definition
Theoretically informed framework guiding your research
Includes procedures to generate data based on your ontology and epistomology |
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Term
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Definition
| The what of the social world, your view of what things are. Ontology is about describing things and their relationships to answer the question "What is it?" |
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Term
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Definition
| The way we can know things about the social world, the science of defining what is the "scientific way" |
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Term
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Definition
-Alfred Schutz
-Interested in experience of world in conciousness |
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Term
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Definition
-Harold Garfinkel
-how social actors structure social interaction in a way that's meaningful to the "collective"
-look at tacit knowledge that develops of how to be social, that's maintained in everyday interactions
-can use breaching experiments to reveal these norms |
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Term
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Definition
-George Herbert Mead
-don't respond to reality directly, have a social understanding of reality
-should not separate "individuals" versus "society" |
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Term
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Definition
-Garfinkel and Harvey Sacks
-data are verbatum everyday talk, analyze for different features |
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Term
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Definition
-Michael Foucault
-discourse as a venue of power
-discourse, any coherent system of representation that embodies shared meaning
-research looks at how some things are knowable and others are unknowable based on a specific knowledge regime |
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Term
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Definition
-data looks at "storytelling"
-interest in how people tell stories to give coherent meaning to events
-analysis, how story is structured
-interpretation, what is the function of the story |
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Term
| Questionable assumptions about research |
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Definition
-assumption that somehow research is inherently good, will benefit collective
the benefits we gain outweigh inconvenience or potential harm to small group of people
-that we always need to follow some sort of experimental design to establish causation
-the idea somehow that social topics can’t be harmful |
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Term
| Tuskegee Syphilis Study Details |
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Definition
wanted to see what effects would be if syphilis was left untreated
participants were 400 African American Men who were not informed that they were research subjects, and had treatment withheld (even after penicillin was established as a cure)
longitudinal study for about 40 years
leaked to press in 1972, by that point many men had died
40 wives of partners had developed syphilis and 19 children had contracted hereditary syphilis
this started a debate about ethics in research, and office for human research protection got set up in US department of health |
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Term
| Stanley Milgram Ethics Example Details |
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Definition
participants instructed to administer shocks to people who were acting in another room, voltages increased over trial, eventually machine would send warning about danger to the actor, but someone in the room with the participant instructed them to administer dangerous shock
study meant to test extent to which people would follow orders of higher authority even if it went against own moral principles
100 people were recruited with idea that it was an experiment about teaching people
65% of participants administered final shock
participants were clearly under huge amounts of stress
many people who were recruited for this experiment were interviewed later and they still had a lot of stress about the experience |
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Term
| Artichoke Program, CIA during the 1950s Ethics Example Details |
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Definition
interested in idea of how you can gain control over people’s behaviour and get information from them, without subjects knowing
administered drugs and chemicals to participants without them knowing |
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Term
| Humphrey’s Tearoom Trade (1970s) Ethics Example Details |
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Definition
interested in stigmatization of homosexuality
went to public washrooms around city, common venue for homosexual people to have encounters, usually had a lookout (watch queens)
took on role of being watch queen
got licence plate models of men who were having sex in public washrooms, then waited a year, got their household information, and then went around pretending to do a household survey and gathered information on the men
intention was to de-stigmatize homosexuality
huge journalistic storm when work was published
about half of his colleagues in his department left, but others argued that anything that is human behaviour we need to understand, and what he did was less intrusive than other methods |
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Term
| What do Institutional review boards do and what do they need to know? |
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Definition
-Basically want to ensure no harm will come to participants
-make sure there's no coercion
-maintain privacy and confidentiality and keep data secure
-is legal consent possible
-what are you using the data for |
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Term
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Definition
what happens as a result of this action?
Often framed by idea of utilitarianism, greatest good to greatest number should be guiding principle
this could result in idea that greater good could override rights of individual participants, small groups of people |
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Term
| Ethics of Rights and Responsibilities |
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Definition
this would consider that every research participant has fundamental rights, and as a consequence researches have to protect these rights
even if it contributes to greater good of larger number, can’t override these rights
Syphilis study reaction could be seen as an argument made along this framework |
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Term
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Definition
relies on notion of equity
how can research advance the position of the disadvantaged?
the good is defined as social justice
also a critique of research for the sake of research, if its not going to advance social justice then why are you doing it? |
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Term
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Definition
comes out of feminist research, and based on criticisms of other ethical frameworks that are individual centred
idea of abstract individual, as if individuals are abstract agents
people are relational selves, no one is completely autonomous
so any decision that needs to be made about something being ethical, must consider relational context (everyone involved not just participants)
can’t be universalized, each situation is unique because of context |
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Term
| What's your moral compass? |
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Definition
| Your own intuition and integrity, personal values and standards in specific disciplines and your own moral framework |
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Term
| Questions to ask yourself about your research (thinking about ethics) |
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Definition
1. Why are you doing the research and for whose benefit?
2. Have you considered the point of view of the participant?
3. Do you see participants as just "sources of data" or respect them as experts in their own lives? Can you give them a meaningful role beyond just data generation?
4. Are there power differences between you and the participants and if so how are you dealing with them? How much are you reminding your participant that this is a research relationship?
5. what can you give back to your participants? |
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Term
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Definition
have to think about in strategies of research and when deception is justified and when it is not
have to make methods transparent to other researchers, so people can follow up your research |
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Term
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Definition
have you looked at data from standpoint of participants?
might make difference to how you interpret what they are saying (eg. journalists taking a quote out of context, inviting a misinterpretation)
research should represent what your participant was trying to express
Are my analytical categories based on stereotypical thinking?
do I carry stereotypes into my research |
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Term
| How do we know people have freely consented to be a participant? |
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Definition
Institutional research boards want proof that participants were well informed about participation
require that everyone participates in your project signs a letter of consent
image of letter of consent is posted on connect, just to see what it looks like put together
have to be informed about purpose of research, that you will protect their rights, and that |
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Term
| What do you need in a letter of consent |
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Definition
1. descriptive title and your contact info
2. description in lay language of study, purpose, and how it will affect everyday people
3. explanation of how participant was chosen and why
4. clear description of what participant is expected to do
5. a request to tape record the interview
6. assurance that you can withdraw at any time for any reason
7. statement of known risks or benefits from study
8. participant's name and signature
9. Make sure participant has a copy |
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Term
| Alternatives to written consent you might encounter |
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Definition
1. A letter of assent (youth)
2. Oral consent
3. Online, need identity verification, can use screenshots, e signatures (some pdf readers have the feature), or do it as a hard copy and then scan and email or fax it to you |
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