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| Using this on the beginning of a line with comment out the rest of the line |
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| Only used in division. This character represents the remainder of the division. |
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| assigns the value on the right to a variable on the left |
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| Tests if two things have the same value |
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| a series of readable or usable sentences that the user will use. Usually surrounded by double quotes (") |
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The name of something that the code has given a value to. peanuts = 197, or x = Sally.
Variables cannot start with nubers |
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string
used to call string variables |
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digit
used to call digit variables |
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raw data or representation
used for debugging. It shows the actual code used when you run the program |
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new line character - escape sequence
if put at the end of a string it will go to the next line |
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Backslash() - escape sequence
"I am 6'2\" tall." # escape double-quote inside string
'I am 6\'2" tall.' # escape single-quote inside string |
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| quotes out everything beneath/after these triple quotes until it reaches another triple quotes |
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| Character named name in the Unicode database(Unicode only) |
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| Character with 16-bit hex value xxxx(Unicode only) |
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| Character with 32-bit hex value xxxxxxxx(Unicode only) |
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| Character with octal value ooo |
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| Character with hex value hh |
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answer to a variable that makes the user input information
age = raw_input() |
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allows user to input a number instead of a string
age = int(raw_input()) |
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1:
Unicode is a way to handle textual data.
It’s not a character set, it’s not an encoding.
2:
Unicode is text, everything else is binary.
Yes, even ASCII text is binary data.
3:
Unicode uses the UCS character set.
But UCS is not Unicode.
4:
Unicode can be encoded to binary data with UTF.
But UTF is not Unicode.
http://regebro.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/unconfusing-unicode-what-is-unicode/ |
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| tries to convert things you enter as if they were Python code, but it has security problems. |
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import module or library
How to add features to your script from the Python feature set |
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argument variable
Holds the arguments you pass to your python script when you run it.
It requires you enter in the answers to the variables when you open the program |
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After you have a string ask a question to the user, you can use a prompt or symbols to help show the user where to enter data
prompt = '> '
likes = raw_input(prompt) |
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opens the variable listed in the parentheses
filename = raw_input()
txt = open(filename) |
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Calls the function of 'read' on whatever is before the period
filename = raw_input()
txt = open(filename)
print txt.read() |
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| performs the function of close on whatever variable is before the '.' |
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| performs the function of reading one line of a text file of whatever variable is before the '.' |
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| performs the functions of emptying the file |
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performs the functions of writing stuff to the file
line1 = raw_input("line 1: ")
line2 = raw_input("line 2: ")
line3 = raw_input("line 3: ")
target.write(line1)
target.write("\n")
target.write(line2)
target.write("\n")
target.write(line3)
target.write("\n") |
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signifies this program is in write mode
target = open(filename, 'w') |
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read mode
this is the default operation for the open() function. Allows the program to only be read and not written to |
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System library or module
This module provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter. It is always available
http://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html |
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Library/module
implements useful functions on pathnames.
http://docs.python.org/2/library/os.path.html |
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Open a file, returning an object of the file type described in section File Objects. If the file cannot be opened, IOError is raised. When opening a file, it’s preferable to use open() instead of invoking the file constructor directly.
The most commonly-used values of mode are 'r' for reading, 'w' for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position). If mode is omitted, it defaults to 'r'.
http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html |
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| Return the length (the number of items) of an object. The argument may be a sequence (string, tuple or list) or a mapping (dictionary) |
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Close the file. A closed file cannot be read or written any more. Any operation which requires that the file be open will raise a ValueError after the file has been closed. Calling close() more than once is allowed.
As of Python 2.5, you can avoid having to call this method explicitly if you use the with statement. |
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As of Python 2.5, you can avoid having to call this method explicitly if you use the with statement. For example, the following code will automatically close f when the with block is exited:
from __future__ import with_statement
with open("hello.txt") as f:
for line in f:
print line
Note: Not all ``file-like'' types in Python support use as a context manager for the with statement. If your code is intended to work with any file-like object, you can use the closing() function in the contextlib module instead of using the object directly. See section 26.5 for details. |
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defines a function
Did you start your function definition with def?
Does your function name have only characters and _ (underscore) characters?
Did you put an open parenthesis ( right after the function name?
Did you put your arguments after the parenthesis ( separated by commas?
Did you make each argument unique (meaning no duplicated names)?
Did you put a close parenthesis and a colon ): after the arguments?
Did you indent all lines of code you want in the function four spaces? No more, no less.
Did you "end" your function by going back to writing with no indent (dedenting we call it)? |
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| 'use' or 'call' functions check list |
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Did you call/use/run this function by typing its name?
Did you put the ( character after the name to run it?
Did you put the values you want into the parenthesis separated by commas?
Did you end the function call with a ) character? |
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Tells python to take all the argyents to the function and then put them in args as a list.
similar to argv function |
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| Common amount of arguments for functions |
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| Practical limit is around 5 arguments per function |
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f.seek(o)
A file in Python is kind of like an old tape drive on a mainframe, or maybe a DVD player. It has a "read head," and you can "seek" this read head around the file to positions, then work with it there. Each time you do f.seek(0) you're moving to the start of the file.
the seek() function is dealing in bytes, not lines. So that's going to the 0 byte (first byte) in the file. |
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| Each time you do f.readline() you're reading a line from the file, and moving the read head to right after the \n that ends that file. |
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contraction of the operations = and +
That means x = x + y is the same as x += y |
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How does readline() know where each line is?
There is code inside that scans each byte of the file until it finds a \n character, then stops reading the file to return what it found so far. The file f is responsible for maintaining the current position in the file after each readline() call, so that it will keep reading each line. |
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The return statement is used to return from a function i.e. break out of the function. We can optionally return a value from the function as well.
Note that a return statement without a value is equivalent to return None. None is a special type in Python that represents nothingness. For example, it is used to indicate that a variable has no value if it has a value of None.
Every function implicitly contains a return None statement at the end unless you have written your own return statement. You can see this by running print someFunction() where the function someFunction does not use the return statement such as: |
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