Term
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Definition
| over 3,700,000 crimes recorded in 2013 |
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Term
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Definition
atavism
criminals are separate, lesser-evolved species .'. can be distinguished by physical characteristics
fleshy lips, 'shifty' eyes, low sloping forehead |
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Term
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Definition
somatotypes
mesomorphs are criminal type; aggressive, assertive, dominant |
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Term
| THEORIES - evidence against lombroso |
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Definition
Goring - studied 6000 people, half criminal half not
no significant physical trends |
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Term
| THEORIES - evidence for lombroso |
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Definition
Goring - studied 6000 people, half criminal half not
all criminals of lower IQ/intelligence; suggests genetic link |
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Term
| THEORIES - eval of lombroso & sheldon |
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Definition
deterministic
implies it would be justified to imprison people based solely on physical characteristics regardless of their criminal history or lack of it
descriptive not explanatory
sheldon - may ignore 3rd factor causing both mesomorphy and crime eg testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
extraversion/introversion - extraverts have underaroused nervous system so seek stimulation, introverts have overstimulated system so shun it
neuroticism/stability
later a psychosis scale was added
E/N/P are the more criminally inclined; harder to condition against criminality |
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Term
| THEORIES - evidence for eysenck |
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Definition
McGurk and McDougall
questionnaires administered to 200 college students - half delinquent half not
within delinquent distinct subset of high extraversion/neuroticism - within this, high e/n/p
in non-delinquent, significant percentage of introversion/stability
however this is a correlation, and also self-report therefore social desirability bias may have affected results |
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Term
| THEORIES - eval of eysenck |
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Definition
relies heavily on self-report
deterministic
assumes personality type does not change
Cochrane; review of prisoners, found high levels of neuroticism and psychoticism; could have been prison causing this not the other way round |
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Term
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Definition
attachment theory
children have innate need to create bond with mother
bond needs to be maintained for roughly two years after birth
there are long-term consequences of 'maternal deprivation'
bond leads to development of moral and social compass |
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Term
| THEORIES - evidence supporting bowlby |
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Definition
Bowlby 1944; 44 Thieves; juvenile delinquents, over half of whom having suffered 'maternal deprivation'; 32% of maternally deprived were 'affectionless psychopaths'
Harlow; monkeys reared in isolation suffered emotional and social problems in older age |
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Term
| THEORIES - evidence contradicting bowlby |
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Definition
Shaffer and Emerson; specific attachments formed at 8months; by 18months, 13% were attached to only one person
Rutter; bonds formed with a variety of attachment figures, not just mother |
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Term
| THEORIES - eval of bowlby |
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Definition
44 thieves study was correlation
no distinction made between privation and deprivation
sexist implications and enforcement of gender roles
imprinting is an observed natural biological process, but this does not necessarily have an impact on criminality |
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Term
| THEORIES - summary evaluation |
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Definition
deterministic
gender and culture bias
methodological issues; studies/reviews often conducted on people who have already served time in prison
reductionist |
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Term
| OFFENDER PROFILING - US key ideas |
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Definition
two different forms of offender, organised and disorganised
evidence from a crime scene can determine which type the offender is
knowledge of what type the perpetrator is can allow predictions about other aspects of the person |
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