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| What is psychology and why is it considered a science? |
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Definition
| The science of behavior and mental processes. It's considered a science because it uses scientific methods (creating theories & identifying issues and problems). |
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| Who is the founder of scientific psychology? |
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| Wilhelm Wundt founded it Germany, in 1879 by creating and running the first psych lab. |
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| Behaviorist that championed psych as "The scientific study of observable behavior." |
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| Learning, Russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning. |
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| Psychoanalytic(Expressing feelings releases repressed feelings to gain self insight), Austrian who developed an influential theory of personality. |
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Definition
| Humanistic(Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the persons potential for personal growth), emphasized the importance of current influences and the importance of having love and acceptance. |
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| Who was Margret Washburn? |
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Definition
| Graduated from Harvard with a PHD in Psychology. First woman to get PHD in Psych. Studies aimed toward animal behavior. |
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Term
| Descriptive research vs Formal experimentation |
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Definition
Descriptive-Non casual(don't know the cause), but reliable, and will generalize real world behavior.
Formal-We do know causes of results but , are reliable, do not generalize real world. |
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Definition
Dependent-Constant
Independent- Variable that changes. |
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Term
| What is the basic unit of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Receives messages from other cells/neurons. |
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| Neuron Anatomy: Cell body |
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Definition
| Where info is stored, the cell's life support center. |
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Definition
| Impulses travel through it to reach the synapse. |
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| Neuron Anatomy: Myelin sheath |
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Definition
| Fatty coating around axon. Speeds up transmissions. |
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Term
| What is the process of neuron communication? |
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Definition
1. Electrical signal travels down axon.
2. Neurotransmitters are released
3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor site on other neuron/cell.
4.Signal is picked up by other neuron/cell and is ether passed along or halted.
5. Signal also picked up by original neuron which starts reuptake, neurotransmitter takes back some remaining molecules. |
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Term
| What speeds up neural transmission? |
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Definition
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| Sensory neuron, sends impulses inward to brain. |
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| Motor neuron, sends impulses outward from brain. |
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| What are 3 types of neurons? |
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Definition
| Afferent, efferent, and interneuron |
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Term
| The division of the peripheral nervous system that plays a significant role in motivation and emotion is what? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Term
| What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and to which larger nervous system do they belong? |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Arouses and expends energy. High pressure situations, accelerates heart rate, ups BP, etc
Parasympathetic: Conserves energy. Low pressure situations, decreases heart rate, lowers BP.
They belong to the Autonomic Nervous System. |
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Term
| 21. Which division of the nervous system helps conserve energy by calming the body? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Term
| What is EEG and MRI, and how do they work? |
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Definition
EEG: An electroencephalogram. A test that measures and records electrical activity as waves in the brain. Electrodes on head hooked to PC.
MRI: (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Person is placed, laying down, in a strong magnetic field, which aligns the spinning atoms of brain molecules. Radio wave momentarily disorients atoms. When the atoms return to their normal spin, they release signals that provide a detailed picture of the brains soft tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
Hindbrain: Located near the base of the skull, it is the lowest part of the brain. Main responsibility is for routine housekeeping functions that keep the body running. Contains the:
Medulla: Controls breathing, ability to maintain upright, etc.
Pons: Balance, hearing, and some parasympathetic (relaxing)
Cerebellum: Coordination of muscular movements, learning, memory, etc |
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Definition
| Midbrain: Small area at the top of the hindbrain. Serves as a center for several postural reflexes. Example: Automatic movement to keep eyes fixed on an object or turning head to hear. |
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Definition
Forebrain: Cognition, motivation, emotion, action. The forebrain consists of 2 distinct areas.
One area top of the hindbrain and midbrain contains thalamus, hypothymus, limbic system
Other area made up of cerebral cortex, sits over lower brain |
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Term
| Understand function of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| Emotion, judge time, discriminate sounds, non-verbal learning, and memory |
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Term
| Understand which structures are in the Limbic system (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and what they do? |
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Definition
Hippocampus: Processes all memory
Amygdala: Aggression and fear
Hypothalamus: Hunger, thirst, body temp, sex behavior, and keeps body’s internal environment in a steady state.
Cerebral cortex: A thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells. The brains thinking crown and body’s ultimate information processing center. |
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Term
| Know which areas control speech output and speech comprehension. |
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Definition
Broca’s Area: Speaking words
Wernicke’s Area: Hearing/understanding words
Angular gyrus: Seeing words |
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Definition
| Aphasia: An impaired use of language due to damage to broca’s, wernicke’s, angular gyrus. |
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Term
| What is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| Wide band of axon fibers that separates the brain into 2 hemispheres. Allows communication between the 2 hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Corpus callosum is cut to prevent epileptic seizures. Patients have relatively normal life. |
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Term
| Functions of the frontal lobe |
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Definition
| Thinking, reasoning, memory, socially inappropriate behavior(cursing), organization of behavior, and predicting consequences of behavior. Frontal motor strip: center for the control of voluntary movements of the body. |
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Term
| Functions of the parietal lobe |
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Definition
| Somatosensory area: Runs parallel to frontal motor strip; sense of touch, pain, and other bodily senses. |
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| Function of the occipital lobe |
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Definition
| Processing of information from the eyes |
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Term
| Functions of the temporal lobe |
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Definition
| Auditory area and Wernicke’s area (understanding of language) |
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Definition
| Uses introspection(Getting patient look inside their own mind) to study the organization of the mind. |
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Definition
| How the mind functions, not it's capabilities. |
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| Founded by John B. Watson, based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. |
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Definition
| Also called biological psych. Refers to neuron anatomy. |
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Definition
| It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. |
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| Socio-cultural theory states that our cognitive developmental processes, learning processes, are merely products of our society and culture. |
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| Looking at the mind a a whole. Opposite of functionalism. |
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| Psychological problems due to innate motives(food, shelter, sex). Emphasizes an unconscious level of thinking. |
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| Humans can only do good things. If human's do wrong, is because of societies influence on them. |
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Definition
| Learning by watching others. |
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Definition
Pros: When performed carefully, can be a great source of info.
Cons: Lying or careless responding |
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Definition
Pro: Gets accurate info
Con: Does not allow you to control your experiment and you may become too bias and involved in study. |
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Pro: You can do research ethically.
Con: Only focus on one person. They are subjective and do not provide enough evidence to apply the results to the general population. |
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Definition
Pro: Able to see relationships between variables.
Con: Causation. Temp up-->more crime. Not more crime-->cause temp to go up |
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