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| a condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or too little hemoglobin inside the red blood cells in the bloodstreams; results in a deficiency of oxygen in the body tissue (8.2) |
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| clumping together; for example clumping of red blood cells that occurs when imcompatible blood types are mixed (8.3) |
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| proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them (8.3) |
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Term
| Anitbody-Mediated Immunity |
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Definition
| component of the immune system that involves the activation of lymphocytes and the secretion of antibodies specitic to a specific antigen; also known as specific defence; compare cell-mediated immunity (8.3) |
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| molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens; can be recognized by the body's immune system (8.3) |
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| major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all regions of the body except the lungs (8.1) |
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| general term used to describe several conditions in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose some of their elastic proerties, thus becoming harder; the most common type is called atherosclerosis (8.1) |
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| blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (8.1) |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) Node |
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Definition
| bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; receives electrical stimulus from the sinoatrial node and transmits this impulse over the walls of the ventricles to start their contraction; compare sinoatrial node (8.1) |
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| one of the two upper chambers of the heart that collects blood flowing into the heart; right atrium receives blood from systemic circulation, and the left from pulmonary circulation (8.1) |
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| condition in which T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they had foreign antigen (8.3) |
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| lymphocyte that is activated by a specific antigen to produce memory B cells and plasma cells; plasma cells produce antigen specific antibodies; also known as B lymphocyte; compare T cell (8.3) |
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| introduction of ablood or blood products into an artery or vein (8.3) |
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| a bundle of specialized fibres through which an electrical signal is transmitted from the atrioventricular (AV) noce, initiating the contraction of the right and left ventricles (8.1) |
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| non-specific component of the immune system that involves the activation of white blood cells, specifically macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes, rather than the production of antibodies; also known as non-specific defence; compare antibody-mediated immunity (8.3) |
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| in animals, the system of vessels that transports blood, and the cells, and substances suspended and dissolved in blood, throughout the body (8.1) |
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| in animals, the circulatory pathway that supplies oxygen-rich blood to and carries deoxygenated blood from the muscle tissue of the heart (8.1) |
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Definition
| the lowest blood pressure exerted before the ventricles contract; compare systolic pressure (8.1) |
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| a type of white blood cell containing granules in its cytoplasm; the three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils (8.2) |
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| pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as circulating blood passes through the vessels (8.1) |
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| blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is specialized for oxygen transport; also known as red blood cell (8.2) |
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| solid portion of the blood consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (8.2) |
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Definition
| in the heart, a fast-conducting muscle fibre that initiates the almost simultaneous contraction of all cells of the right and left ventricles; signal for this contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node and is relayed through the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle of His (8.1) |
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| lymphocyte that, upon recogizing an antigen, gives off chemical signals that stimulate certain immune cells (macrophages, B cells, and other T cells) to perform their respective functions (8.3) |
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| iron-containing respiratory pigment found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues (8.2) |
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| the bursting of red blood cells (8.3) |
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| inherited, life-threatening disorder resulting from insuffcient clotting proteins in the blood (8.2) |
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Definition
| ability of the body to protect itself from foreign, disease-causing agents through a specific defence mechanism that uses antibody proteins to recognize, neutralize, and destroy foreign substances (8.3) |
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| cytotoxic lymphocyte that binds with infected cells and destroys them by puncturing a hole in their membrane; may be activated indirectly by chemical signals from a helper T cell or directly by the presence of the invading pathogen and accociated antigens (8.3) |
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Definition
see white blood cell (8.2) |
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| cancer of the white blood cells; two main types are myeloid and lymphoid (8.2) |
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| interstitial fluid carried throughout the body in the lymphatic circulatory system; is either colourless or pale yellow, with a composition much like the plasma of blood (8.3) |
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| Lymphatic Circulatory System |
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Definition
| network of glands and vessels that carry lymph throughout the mammaliam body; helps to maintain the balance of fluids in the body (8.3) |
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Definition
| type of white blood cell involved in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity; types include B and T cells (8.2) |
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| phagocytic white blood cell that develops from a monocyte; acts as a scavenger, ingesting dead cells and foreign material, and killing micro-organisms; macrophages also stimulate other cells in the immune system (8.3) |
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| lymphocyte that carries receptors for a specific foreign antigen that was encountered in an earlier infection or through a vaccination; memory T cell quickly promote an immune response if the same antigen is re-encountered in a subsequent infection (8.3) |
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Definition
| see cell-mediated immunity (8.3) |
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Definition
| process by which a cell ingests another cell, bacterium, or particle of organic matter (8.3) |
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| fluid portion of the blood, made up of water plus dissolved gases, protein, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products (8.2) |
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| component of the formed portion of the blood, consisting of fragments of cells that are created when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart; contain no nucleus and plays a key role in blood clotting (8.2) |
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blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs (8.1) |
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| in animals, the circulatory pathway that carries oxygen - poor blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen - rich blood from the lungs to the heart (8.1) |
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Definition
blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart(8.1) |
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Definition
in the heart, a fast-conducting muscle fibre that initiates the almost simultaneous contraction of all cells of the right and left ventricles; signal for this contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node and is relayed through the atriventricular(AV) node and the bundle of His (8.1) |
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Definition
| group of antigens found in most red blood cells; people with the Rh factor on their red blood cells are termed Rh positive (Rh+) and people without it are Rh negative (Rh-) (8.3) |
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Definition
| in the heart, the muscular wall that separates the two ventricles and the two atria (8.1) |
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Definition
| bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium of the mammalian heart; generates an electrical impluse that stimulates cardiac muscle fibres to contract and relax rhythmically, producing a regular heartbeat; also known as pacemaker; compare atrioventricular node (8.1) |
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Definition
| see antibody-mediated immunity (8.3) |
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Definition
| lymphocyte that slows and suppresses the cell-mediated immune response to an antigen to ensure that healthy tissues are not destroyed (8.3) |
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| in animals, the circulatory pathway that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body tissues, and oxygen-poor blood from the tissues back to the heart (8.1) |
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Definition
| maximum blood pressure exerted during ventricular contraction; compare diastolic pressure (8.1) |
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Definition
| lymphocyte that is primarily responsible for cell-immediated immunity; roles include activation of certain immune cells, destruction of invading pathogens, suppression of cellular immunity, and promotion of immune response upon reinfection; types include helper,killer, suppressor, and memory T cells; compare B cell (8.3) |
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| membranous extension of a vessel or the heart wall that opens and closes, ensuring one-way fluid flow (8.1) |
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| decrease in the diameter of blood vessels; vasoconstriction near the skin conserves body heat (8.2) |
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Definition
| expansion in the diameter of blood vessels; vasodilation near the skin brings more blood to the surface to help reduce body temperature (8.2) |
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Definition
| blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart (8.1) |
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Definition
| one of two large vessels, the superior and inferior vena cavae, that open into the right atrium of the heart (8.1) |
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Definition
one of the two lower chambers of the heart; each ventricle receives blood from one of the atria and pumps it into systemic or pulmonary circulation (8.1) |
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Definition
| colourless blood cell that protects the body from infection by the way of the immune response, and also plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation; three types include granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes; also known as leucocyte (8.2) |
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