Absorbance Spectrum

a graph showing the relative amounts of light of different colours (wavelengths) absorbed by various compounds(5.2)

involving oxygen (5.3)

absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Cellular Respiration

respiration carried out withour using oxygen to produce ATP

Anoxic

non-oxygen containing(5.3)

ATP

adenosine triphosphate; high-energy phosphate morecule that provides and stores energy required for chemical functions(5.1)

Calvin- Benson cycle

the light-independent process in which photosynthetic organisms fix carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates (5.2)

Carbon Dioxide Fixation

the first stage in the synthesis ofcarbohydrates through the Calvin-Benson cycle; a carbon atom in carbon dioxide is chemically bonded to a pre-existing 5-carbon compound (ribulose biphosphate or RuBP) in the stroma of a chloroplasr (5.2)

Catabolic

Chemiosmosis

process through which ATP is generated across the inner membrance of mitochondria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts; couples the movement fo hydrogen ions down a concentration gradient to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate(5.2,5.3)

Cellular Respiration

process in which, mitochondria in the cells of plants, animals, and other multicellular organisms break down carbohydrates and other energy-rich products derived from them, such as fats, to generate molecules of ATP (1.1,5.1)

Chlorophyll

photosynthetic pigment located in the thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts (5.1)

Chloroplast

organelle within photosynthetic plants, algae, and some bacteria that uses the Sun's light energy to chemically convert carbon (inorganic) into carbohydrates (organic) such as sugars and starches; contain the photosyntheic pigment chlorophyll (5.1)

Crista (cristae)

short, fingerlike projection formed by the folding of the inner membrane of a mitochrondrion; provides a large surface area for the production of ATP (5.1)

Electron Transport System

in mitochondria and chloroplasts, a system of electron-carrying molecules that trnasfer electron to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across thylakoid or inner mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP (5.2, 5.3)

Ethanol Fermentation

type of fermentation in which yeasts and some kinds of bacteria convert pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide when low oxygen conditions inhibit aerobic respiration; compare lactate fermentation (5.3)

FAD

flavin adednine dinucleotide; coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions; important coenzyme in electron transport in the Krebs cycle (5.3)

FADH2

reduced form of FAD that can act as an electron donor; important coenzyme in electron transport in the Krebs cycle (5.3)

Fermentation

energy-yielding metabolic pathway in which carbohydrates are anaerobically broken down into simpler components; includes glycolysis and is widely occurring in yeast and bacteria (5.3)

Fixation (carbon dioxide)

 see carbon dioxide fixation (5.2)

Glycolysis

energy-yielding metabolic pathway in which one glucose molecule (with six carbons) is broken down to form two pyruvate molecules (with three carbons each), as well as a small amount of ATP; the first step in both aerobic and anaerobi respiration (5.3)

Krebs Cycle

 in cellular respiration, a merabolic pathway consisting of a series of reactions that break down the end products of glycolysis, producing carbon dioxide and generting a large amound of ATP; also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acic (TCA)

Lactate Fermentation

type of fermentation in which NADH is used to convert pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid); the resulting NAD+ recycled to continue the process; carried out by some bacteria, as well as animal muscle cells when demand for energy exceeds aerobic production; compare ethanol fermentation  (5.3)

Light-Dependent Reactions

the part of the process of photosynthesis in which reactions dependent on the presence of light convert solar energy into chemical energy, genrating two high-energy compounds: ATP and NADPH; compare light - independent reaction (5.2)

Light - Independent Reactions

the part of the process of photosynthesis in which reactions not dependent on the presence of light use the products of the light - dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate; compare light - dependent reaction (5.2)

Matrix

fluid - filled space within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion; contains proteins and other chemicals needed to  break down carbohydrates and other high energy molecules (5.1)

Metabolic Pathway

a controlled, step by step sequence of reactions that is  catalyzed by enzymes in living cells to support and sustain life functions (5.1)

Metabolism

refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell to support and sustain its life functions (5.1)

Mitochondrion (mitochondria)

organelle that breaks down organic molecules, usually carbohydrates, to release energy (5.1)

NAD+

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions; important coenzyme in electron transport in the Krebs cycle (5.2)

NADH

reduced from of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) that can act as an electron donow; important coenzyme in electron transport in the Krebs cycle (5.2)

Oxic

oxygen - containing; compare anoxic (5.3)

Photosynthesis

the process by which plants, algae, and some kinds of bacteria use the Sun's light energy to chemically convert carbon (inorganic) into carbohydrates (organic) such as sugars and starches (1.1, 5.1)

Pigment

compound that absrobs specific wavelengths of visible light and therefore has colour; see also photosynthetic pigment (5.2)

Reaction Centre

a specialized, electron - accepting chlorophyll a molecule that receiveslight energy o various wave lengths from pigment molecules found in the photosystems of chloroplasts; transfers electrons to an electron acceptor during the light - independent reactions of photosynthesis (5.2)

Reducing Power

the chemical potential energy availiable in molecules that are in their reduced form (5.1)

Reduction

process by which an atom or molecule gains an electron (5.1)

Granum

stack of chlorophyll - containing thylakoids within a chloroplast (5.1)

Stroma

fluid in the space of a chloroplast, which contains a concentrated mixture of proteins and other chemicals that are used in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis (5.1)

Thylakoid

interconnected flattened sac within the stroma of a chloroplast; membranes contain chlorophyll; may occur  in a stack called a granum

Thylakoid Space

in chloroplasts, the area inside a thylakoid that is completely sealed off from the surrounding stroma (5.2)