1803 – 1850

•      Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent

Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

•      60,000 people

An existing form of self-government

Major Elements of Manifest Destiny

Westward Expansion

•      War with Mexico

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Gold Rush

•  Economic:

–   New land for farmers

–   New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)

–   New opportunities to start a business

•    Political

–   Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories

–   Expansion of slavery

•    Social

–   Removal of Native Americans

–  Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)

The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War

•      Effects and Impact

–     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war

•      Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

–     United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

Causes of the
United States-Mexican War

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans

•      Causes:

–     President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)

Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Areas Acquired to Create the United States

•      Louisiana Purchase

•      Mexican Cession

–     New Mexico, Arizona, California

•      Gadsden Purchase

•      Oregon Territory

•      Alaska Purchase

–     Seward’s Folly

Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US

•      Gold in California

–     Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood

•      California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean

–     Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations

•      Rocky Mountains

Location between eastern and western parts of the United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West

Sectionalism

•      loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

•      Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States

•      States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska

Cities: Washington, D.C.

Missouri Compromise, 1820

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state

•         Allowed Maine to enter as a free state

Nullification Crisis, 1828

•         Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•         In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−       Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−       South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−       Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−       To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

−       The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Compromise of 1850

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)

•         The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)

•         Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC

•         Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)

•         INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

−       Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854

•        Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty

−     That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

Henry Clay

Admitted Missouri as a slave state

•      Admitted Maine as a free state

John C. Calhoun

Favored states’ rights

•        Led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Daniel Webster

Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Roles Played by Significant Individuals During the Civil War

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Robert E. Lee

•         Congressional Medal of Honor recipient

His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia

•         He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

Ulysses S. Grant

He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia

•         Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.

Abraham Lincoln

•         Born in Chile, South America

16^th President of the United States

William Carney

Reason for citation: when the 54^th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

Sectionalism

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns

In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.

Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.

Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections

Philip Bazar

•         Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy

•         Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War

−      Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865

−      As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore

−      Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle

−      He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet

•         Firing on Fort Sumter

•         Fort Sumter, South Carolina

•         A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor

•         Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War

•         April 12, 1861

•         P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate

•         Major Robert Anderson, Union

Battle of Antietam, 1862

•         The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863

•         The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

•         Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862

•         Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

•         The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

•         75-day siege

•         Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

•         1863

•         July 1 – 3, 1863

•         92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg, PA

•         The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863 with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)

The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union

Emancipation Proclamation

•         Changes the nature of the war

•         No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union

•         Now became a war to free the slaves

•         The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories

•         Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam

Went into law January 1, 1863

Assassination of Lincoln

Actor

−     Southern sympathizer

−     Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won

Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army

•        Lee surrendered to Grant

•        Brings the Civil War to a close

•        April 9, 1865

Sectionalism

·       Protective Tariffs

·       Increasing divide between north and south

·       Manufacturing Society v. Plantation Society

·       Kansas – Nebraska Act

Missouri Comprise

150 years ago.. Dates of the Civil War: 1861-1865

·     1861: Fort Sumter, South Carolina

·     1862: Antietam

·     1863: Gettysburg

1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Civil War

·       Secession

·       Slavery and states’ right

·       Abraham Lincoln

·       Confederate States of America

Union

Impact of Tariff Policies on  Sections of the United States before the Civil War

·       North- high tariffs help the industrial North by making their prices more competitive against cheap imports; had most of the nation’s manufacturing

·       Northern response – Northerners liked tariffs because it caused Americans to buy American-made products by increasing the cost of European imported manufactured goods

West – the West backed government spending on internal governments such as new roads and canals, and they were financed bytariffs

Impact of Tariff Policies on  Sections of the United States before the Civil War

South – the South, which had little industry and imported most non-agricultural goods, saw high tariff as a burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated north. Sold most of their cotton to foreign buyer’s on credit.

Southern response- Southerners opposed tariffs because the South’s main trade partners were European nations. High tariffs on raw materials forced the south to sell their materials for low prices, while higher price for the products they purchased from their European trade partners.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks

Southern plantation system – relied on slavery; slaves had no property and no rights

Northern industrial economy- slave trade abolished in north; large population

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks

Sectionalism and  Civil War

-         Political

Missouri Compromise – Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. This Missouri Compromise also stated that all new states entering the Union with a latitude north of the 36.30’ line would be free states.

Compromise of 1850 – California admitted as a free state; slave trade abolished in Washington, DC; stronger fugitive slave laws would be passed to help slave holders recapture runaway slaves.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks

-         Social

Religion drew slaves together among plantatioins; communicated through spirituals

Racism develops in both the North and South

Impact of Slavery on Different Sections of the United States

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      North

·      Illegal since the Revolution

·      Abolitionist societies and newspapers and Underground Railroad

Many were ambivalent to the plight of slaves/free blacks

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      West

·      Fight over whether or not to extend slavery into the territories

Maintain balances of the free and slave states in the Senate

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      South

·      Economic factor –slaves viewed as property and labor supply

·      Maintain a way of life

·      Considered a states’ rights issue

Fugitives

Reform and Culture

This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the United States history during the 19^th century.

* In addition, it addresses the reform movements of the mid-1800s, including public education, temperance, prison reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.

* Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition movement.

Frederick Douglass

Leading African-American abolitionist,

accomplished orator and writer

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History through 1877

Prisons

•      Temperance

Susan B. Anthony

Key spokesperson for the 19^th century women’s suffrage movement

•      Suffrage – right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

•      Leader of the 19^th century women’s suffrage movement

•      Called for the first convention of women’s movement in Seneca Falls

•      Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention

Historical Development of the Abolitionist Movement

•      Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery

•      1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery

•      1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number

•      1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation; The Underground Railroad began to make an impact and the Women’s Movement joined in

Political, Social, and Economic Contributions of Women to American Society

•      Political: began the fight for suffrage

•      Social: allowed women to be successful in other fields

Economic: fought for women’s rights; they were able to get the work day reduced to 10 hours a day

Reform Movements

•    Public Education

•      Opening of public schools

•      Primarily in the North as well as        private grade schools and colleges

•      By churches and other groups

Reform Movements

Organized societies that worked at trying to   stop the drinking of alcohol

Some states passed laws that made it illegal to  sell alcohol

Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening

•        Prison Reform

–    Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children

–    Called for the mission of prisons to be rehabilitation

Reform Movements

Women’s Rights

ØWell organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women

ØWere able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10 hour working day

Reform Movements

Transcendentalism

Care of the disabled

Building of new hospitals for the mentally ill, deaf, and blind

Religious Motivation for Immigration and Influence on Social Movements

•    Brought more denominations that intensified the lines between classes and regions

•      Spawned many of the humanitarian reform movements; prison reform, women’s rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Emily Dickinson           

               Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass

Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter

                    Edgar Allan

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

–   An American literary political and philosophical movement in the early 19^th Century

–   These men were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity and urged each individual find their independent relation to the universe

–   Particularly utilizing solitude in nature

Ralph Waldo

Emerson , author

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

Drew American wildlife

Hudson River School Artists

Albert Bierstadt’s

 River

Landscape

MUSIC

Slave spirituals and gospel music

“Battle Hymn of the Republic”

Still a well-loved patriotic anthem

–Dixie

•  Lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society

Literature

American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),^[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."