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Details Title Pulmonary Description PANCE Pulmonary Total Cards 187 Subject Health Care Created 09/11/2007

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Term Test for PE	Definition ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ)
Term Cells involved in asthma	Definition Mast cells T lymphocytes macrophages
Term role of basophils in asthma	Definition none
Term Test for presence of TB (spelled out) Definitive dx test to TB	Definition sputum for acid fast bacilli Definitive: sputum culture
Term pathogen of TB	Definition mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term ABG finding in TB, pulm inf, and most lung carcinoma.	Definition NML
Term CBC finding in TB	Definition leukoctosis
Term group of dx suspect for cystic fibrosis	Definition pulm inf, pancreatitis, infertility
Term dx test for cystic fibrosis	Definition chloride sweat test
Term purpose of islet cell bx	Definition characteristic changes in pt with type I diabetes
Term purpose for lung bx in older pts. (DDx)	Definition interstitial lung dz, ie: sarcoidosis
Term test for pt suspect of asthma and spirometry is non-diagnostic	Definition methacholine or exercise challenge testing. (not during acute phase)
Term Bronchiectasis	Definition -abnormal dilation of the proximal and medium-sized bronchi (>2 mm in diameter) -caused by destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls. -Affected areas may show a variety of changes including transmural inflammation, edema, scarring, ulceration, and other findings.
Term signs Bronchiectasis	Definition -foul smelling purulent sputum -chronic productive cough -persistent crackles over affected lung regions
Term presention of asthma	Definition -episodic dyspnea -associated wheezing -intermittent cough
Term cachexia	Definition a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition.
Term presentation of emphysema	Definition -cachexia -little or no sputum -decreased expiratory flow rates -hyperresonant percussive areas -decreased breath sounds - +/- digital clubbing
Term presentation chronic bronchitis	Definition -chronic productive cough (not large quantities)
Term other name for croup	Definition laryngotracheitis
Term classic presenation of croup	Definition -noisy, barking cough -low grade fever -cough -inspiratory stridor
Term stridor	Definition a harsh, high-pitched breath sound such as the one often heard on inhalation with an acute laryngeal obstruction.
Term presentation epiglottitis (include child ages)	Definition -acute onset -high fever -moderate to severe resp distress -2-6 yo children
Term presentation infant pnx	Definition -high fever -malaise -GI sx -nasal flaring or grunting resp -consolidation on lung exam
Term Goals of Asthma Management	Definition -Prevent asthma episodes (attacks) -Sleep through the night without symptoms -No missed school or work due to asthma -Full participation in physical activities -No ER visits or hospitalizations -Little or no medicine side effects
Term why are beta-blockers contraindicated in asthma?	Definition They will block beta 2 agonists
Term Mild intermittent asthma	Definition - Symptoms < 2 times/week - Asymptomatic and normal PEF between exacerbations - Exacerbations brief - PM Symptoms < 2 times/month - FEV1 or PEF > 80% predicted - PEF variability < 20%
Term Mild persistent asthma	Definition - Symptoms > 2 times/week but < 1 time/day - Exacerbations may affect activity - PM Symptoms > 2 times/month - FEV1 or PEF > 80% predicted - PEF variability 20-30%
Term Moderate persistent asthma	Definition -Daily symptoms -Daily use of inhaled short-acting b 2 agonists -Exacerbations affect activity -Exacerbations > 2 times/week; may last days - PM Symptoms > 1 time/week - FEV1 or PEF 60%-80% predicted - PEF variability > 30%
Term Severe persistent asthma	Definition - Continual symptoms - Limited physical activity - Frequent exacerbations - PM Symptoms Frequent - FEV1 or PEF < 60% predicted - PEF variability > 30%
Term FEV1	Definition forced expiratory volume in 1 second
Term MMFR	Definition maximum midexpiratory flow rate
Term FVC	Definition forced vital capacity
Term PEFR	Definition peak expiratory flow rate
Term FEFmax	Definition maximum forced expiratory flow rate
Term FRC	Definition functional residual capacity
Term Tx severe persistant asthma	Definition High-dose inhaled corticosteroids AND Long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists AND, if needed: Corticosteroid tablets
Term Tx moderate persistant asthma	Definition Low-to-medium dose inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists
Term Tx mild persistant asthma	Definition Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids
Term Tx mild Intermittent asthma	Definition No daily medication needed Severe exacerbations may occur, separated by long periods of normal lung function and no symptoms. A course of systemic corticosteroids is recommended.
Term most common and persistant sx TB in early stages	Definition dry cough (months-weeks prior to other pulm sx)
Term severe sx of TB	Definition blood-streaked sputum and hemoptysis
Term Moderate sx of TB	Definition dyspnea (after prolonged dry cough)
Term stages of TB sx from early to moderate to severe	Definition - prolonged dry cough - dyspnea - blood-streaked sputum and hemoptysis
Term purulent sputum indicates	Definition bacterial suerinfection or a ruptured abscess.
Term Isoniazid tx reccommendations for recent PPD converters < 35 yo	Definition 300 mg Isoniazid daily for 9 months (no rifampin)
Term Why question treat of PPD converters > 35 yo?	Definition Risk of hepatitis and other drug toxicities may outweigh the risk of developing active TB dz.
Term Why 12 months Isoniazid (INH) tx for recent PPD converters? What else can you do?	Definition HIV + Can add rifampin
Term What is not recommended in non-immunocompromised pts?	Definition multi drug tx or prophylaxis ie: INH and rifampin
Term tx for active TB	Definition minimum of three anti-TB drugs
Term presentation of community acquired pnx	Definition - 1-10 day hx of increasing cough - yellow sputum - SOB - tachycardia - pleuritic CP - fever or hypothermia - sweats - rigors
Term PE findings for CAP	Definition - altered breath sounds - crackles - dullness to precussion (with effusion) - bronchial breath sounds over area of consolidation
Term tx CAP	Definition PCN G benzathine (tx of choice)
Term presentation of atypical pnx	Definition - low grade fever - relatively mild pulm sx that are self-limited. - non-productive cough - myalgia - fatigue
Term pathogens of CAP	Definition MOST COMMON: Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenza Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae - and gram NEGATIVE bacilli VIRAL: influenza respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) adenovirus parainfluenza
Term pathogens of atypical CAP	Definition MOST common: mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae legionella moraxella
Term pathogens of hospital acquired pnx	Definition MOST COMMON: Staphylococcus aureus and gram-NEGATIVE bacilli MOST LIKELY ICU: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (worst prognosis)
Term abx tx of choice in outpt atypical pnx	Definition erythromycin
Term alternative to PCN in uncomplicated outpt pnx	Definition erythromycin with cephalosporin
Term CPAP	Definition continuous positive airway pressure
Term UPP (define and give success rate)	Definition Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty - 2nd generation tx. 1/3 of pts benefit
Term rx tx for depression and insomnia	Definition tricyclic antidepressants
Term classic presentation of TB	Definition - fatigue - anorexia - weight loss - low-grade fever - intermittent night sweats - non-productive cough progressing to productive
Term sx influenza	Definition - myalgia - chills - HA - Nasal congestion
Term presentation of pneumocystis carinii	Definition - chronic dry cough - dyspnea with exertion - HIV +
Term sx costochondritis	Definition - intermittent chest wall pain exacerbated by deep breathing and movement
Term cause of cobblestoning of pharyngeal mucosa	Definition inflammatory response attracting increased numbers of eosinophils, compounded by the presence or post nasal drip.
Term cobblestoning is a sign of...	Definition chronic allergic rhinitis
Term cerumen impaction can cause...	Definition stimulation of the cough reflex
Term frothy, pink sputum	Definition interstitial pulmonary edema secondary to heart failure.
Term chronic productive cough with rhonchi and wheezing auscultated in bilat lung fields.	Definition chronic bronchitis
Term rx tx for small pneumothorax. (and why does it work?)	Definition high flow O2, resulting nitrogen gradient will speed resorption.
Term rifampin toxicity is associated with...	Definition liver dysfunction, rash, flu-like syndrome
Term SE of isoniazid	Definition hepatitis and peripheral neuropathy
Term most common SE of ethambutal and associated sx	Definition optic neuritis sx: difficulty seeing, distorted areas of central vision
Term common SE of pyrazinamide	Definition hyperuricemia and hepatitis.
Term relative contraindication for PFTs (and why?)	Definition acute severe asthma (adds nothing to initial tx and may not be tolerated by pt.)
Term test to gain info of resp status in advanced emphysema, CAP and silicone pneumoconiosis	Definition PFTs
Term pneumococcal shot vaccinates against what pathogen? (Why is that important?)	Definition streptococcus pneumoniae (causes 90% of bacterial pnx in US.)
Term cause of 90% of bacterial pnx in US	Definition streptococcus pneumoniae
Term People born before 1957 are considered immune to...	Definition measles
Term pathogen of pnx most common in ETOH abusers and/or pts with DM	Definition klebsiella pneumoniae
Term pathogen of pnx most common in young adults in ambulatory settings	Definition mycoplasma pneumoniae
Term bacterial pnx following influenza is most common in...	Definition elderly or pts with chronic pulmonary, cardiac or metabolic dz
Term most common pathogens of bacterial pnx	Definition staphylococcus aureus streptococcus pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae
Term After smoking, common historical factors of COPD	Definition air pollution, airway inf, fanilial factors, allergies
Term alcohol intoxication contributes to hat type of pnx	Definition aspiration
Term hx smoking and _______ markedly increase risk of lung CA	Definition asbestos
Term occupational pneumoconiosis	Definition asbestos exposure
Term rare familial factor associated with COPD	Definition alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency
Term tx for child living with active TB pt and negative PPD	Definition Isoniazid for 3 months, repeat skin test, isoniazid for 9 more months of positive PPD.
Term when is a CXR, and also sputum cx indicated in TB.	Definition CXR after + PPD sputum cx for symptomatic dz
Term pnx in which CXR appearance looks more severe than the pt presentation?	Definition mycoplasma pneumoniae
Term mycoplasma pneumoniae typically affects...	Definition young adults in the summer or fall
Term CXR and sputum gram stain with mycoplasma pneumoniae PNX	Definition CXR worse than pt appears. sputum has PMNs and monocytes
Term CXR and sputum gram stain with legionella pneumoniae PNX	Definition CXR: patchy or lobar infiltrates Sputum gram stain: PMNs and no bacteria.
Term CXR and sputum gram stain with chlamydiae pneumoniae PNX	Definition CXR segmental infiltrates Gram stain non-specific.
Term CXR and sputum gram stain with chlamydiae pneumoniae PNX	Definition CXR segmental infiltrates Gram stain non-specific.
Term who gets chlamydiae pneumoniae PNX	Definition more common in immunocompromised pts,
Term who gets chlamydiae pneumoniae PNX	Definition more common in immunocompromised pts,
Term who gets chlamydiae pneumoniae PNX	Definition more common in immunocompromised pts,
Term Of the four, which have similar presentations? mycoplasma pneumoniae legionella pneumoniae chlamydiae pneumoniae pneumocystis carinii	Definition mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydiae pneumoniae
Term CXR and sputum gram stain with pneumocystis carinii PNX	Definition CXR diffuse interstitial infiltrates gram stain nonspecific
Term infiltrates	Definition to penetrate the interstices of a tissue or substance.
Term TORCH	Definition (toxoplasmosis, other agents, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex) - any of a group of infections seen in neonates due to one of the causative agents having crossed the placental barrier; they all have similar symptoms in babies and may be clinically silent in the mothers.
Term pleural effusion	Definition the presence of fluid in the pleural space
Term atelectasis	Definition - incomplete expansion of a lung or a portion of a lung; it may be a primary (congenital), secondary, or otherwise acquired condition. - airlessness or collapse of a lung that had once been expanded. - absence of air in a normally air-filled space
Term Somogyi phenomenon	Definition a rebound phenomenon occurring in diabetes mellitus: overtreatment with insulin induces hypoglycemia, which initiates the release of epinephrine, corticotropin, glucagon, and growth hormone, which stimulate lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis, which in turn result in hyperglycemia. (Called also rebound hyperglycemia and Somogyi effect.)
Term pleural (tactile) fremitus	Definition a palpable vibration of the wall of the thorax due to a friction rub between the opposing surfaces of the pleura.
Term rale	Definition a discontinuous sound consisting of a series of short nonmusical noises, heard primarily during inhalation; called also crackle.
Term crackle	Definition a discontinuous sound consisting of a series of short nonmusical noises, heard primarily during inhalation; called also rales
Term rhonchus	Definition a continuous sound consisting of a dry, low-pitched, snorelike noise, produced in the throat or bronchial tube due to a partial obstruction such as by secretions. Sometimes called sonorous
Term Most common pathogen in CAP	Definition Streptococcus pneumoniae
Term s/s CAP	Definition - productive cough - fever - shaking/chills - diaphoresis PE: fremitus rhonchi
Term in PE, what is seen on pulmonary angiogram?	Definition - filling defects in partially occluded vessels - abrupt cutoff of larger vessels - "pruning", tapering or absence of smaller vessels.
Term in PE, why VQ over pulmonary angiogram?	Definition - There is known morbidity and mortality with pulm angiogram and - VQ is non-invasive.
Term in PE, why VQ over pulmonary angiogram?	Definition - There is known morbidity and mortality with pulm angiogram and - VQ is non-invasive.
Term in PE, why VQ over pulmonary angiogram?	Definition - There is known morbidity and mortality with pulm angiogram and - VQ is non-invasive.
Term cromolyn sodium's use in asthma	Definition mast cell-stabilizing agent used in the prophylaxis of asthma. (Non-acute phase)
Term metaproterenol	Definition quick acting bronchodilator, relaxing airway smooth muscle (beta2-agonist)
Term albuterol	Definition bronchodilator, relaxing airway smooth muscle (beta2-agonist)
Term atrovent (other name and MOA)	Definition ipratropium - antagonizes acetylcholine receptors - producing bronchodilation - anticholinergic
Term ipratropium (other name and MOA)	Definition Atrovent - antagonizes acetylcholine receptors - producing bronchodilation - anticholinergic
Term amantadine (other name and class)	Definition Symmetrel anti-viral
Term When does the flu vaccine kick in?	Definition ~ 2 weeks.
Term How long should amantadine be given?	Definition 10 days
Term Ages for OPV.	Definition Oral polio vaccine: 2 months 4 months 12-18 months 4-6 years later later vaccines are not recommended
Term DTaP recommendations	Definition Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP). (Minimum age: 6 weeks) 5 doses: 2 months 4 months 6 months 12-18 months (6 mos since third shot) Final dose 4–6 yo
Term DT recommendation	Definition Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids Booster 10 years after DTaP (last DTap at 4-6 yo)
Term MMR recommendation	Definition Measles, mumps & rubella (2 doses) (Minimum age: 12 months) 12-15 months 4-6 yo In HS if no proof of measles or two doses. • Administer the second dose of MMR at age 4–6 years. MMR may be administered prior to age 4–6 years, provided ≥4 weeks have elapsed since the first dose and both doses are administered at age ≥12 months.
Term presentation of asbestosis	Definition - fibrosis - pleural plaques (+/- clacifications) - dyspnea - common in shipbuilders
Term Presentation of silicosis	Definition - does not have pleural plaques like asbestosis - associated with silica (sandblasting) - interstitial fibrosis
Term describe silicosis	Definition crystalline silica (a component of silica dust) is inhaled, causes inflammation of the lung tissue, inflammation leads to scar tissue formation on the lungs. The scar tissue obstructs the flow of oxygen into the lungs and into the bloodstream.
Term complications of silicosis	Definition - susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. - can also lead to other resp dz as lung cancer and tuberculosis.
Term early and late sx silicosis	Definition Early: - Shortness of breath following physical exertion - Cough - Minor fatigue - Loss of appetite - Occasional chest pains - cyanosis Late: (similar to TB) - Chronic shortness of breath - persistent cough - Severe fatigue - Chest pains - Fever - Weight Loss - Night sweats - Advanced degree of cyanosis - Respiratory failure
Term Lung dz associated with metallic iron exposure (who gets it?) (AKA?)	Definition Siderosis (mining and foundry workers) AKA: Welder's lung
Term name for chronic fibrotic lung dz	Definition pneumonconioses
Term Name 5 occupational pneumoconioses and their associated occupations.	Definition 1. asbestosis - ship workers, construction 2. siderosis - iron exposure, foundry workers, welders and miners. 3. byssinosis - cotton workers 4. coal worker's pneumoconioses - coal dust 5. silicosis - sand blasters and silica dust.
Term Physical Exam Lung findings are rarely seen in...	Definition Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary HTN
Term Elderly may present PNX with bronchial lung sounds, egophony, tactile fremitus, and dullness to percussion. But what may be absent and what may be present that differs from younger pts?	Definition Confusion may be only presenting sx. Fever may be absent.
Term Pulmonary edema presents where in the lungs?	Definition bilaterally and is most pronounced in the bases.
Term pulmonary edema	Definition - abnormal, diffuse, extravascular accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary tissues and air spaces due to changes in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries or to increased capillary permeability - characterized clinically by intense dyspnea and, in the intra-alveolar form, by voluminous expectoration of frothy pink serous fluid and, if severe, by cyanosis. - Called also wet lung.
Term egophony	Definition increased resonance of voice sounds, with a high-pitched nasal or bleating quality, heard especially over lung tissue that is compressed or consolidated by pleural effusion.
Term pulmonary HTN (define and give causes)	Definition - increased pressure (above 30 mm Hg systolic and 12 mm Hg diastolic) within the pulmonary arterial circulation. - Primary is idiopathic - Secondary is (1) hypoxic vasoconstriction, (2) decreased area of the pulmonary vascular bed, and (3) volume/pressure overload.
Term moraxella catarrhalis (occurs in...and is treated with....)	Definition elderly with pre-existing lung dz Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
Term abx of choice for streptococcus pneumoniae	Definition PCN G
Term abx of choice for mycoplasma pneumoniae	Definition Erythromycin
Term presentation of mycoplasma pneumoniae	Definition - children and young adults - URI - nonproductive cough - general systemic sx - minimal chest findings - bullous myringitis
Term Use cefotaxime for ______, _________, and _________ pnx which occurs with _________ and ________.	Definition haemophilus influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae, escheria coli chronic dz and hospitalized pts.
Term risk factors for deterioration in infants with bronchitis	Definition ---Initial presentation 1. Tachypnea (RR >60–80) or retractions 2. Hypoxia: cutoffs ranging from SaO2 <90% to <95% 3. Difficulty feeding or dehydration ---Age - Age <12 months - The lower the age, the higher the risk ---Comorbidities - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Cystic fibrosis - Congenital heart disease - Prematurity Gestational age at birth <36 weeks ---Lower annual family income
Term Indications for hospitalization of patients with stridor (7)	Definition 1. stridor at rest 2. dyspnea 3. actual or suspected epiglottis 4. repeatedly awakening from sleep with stridor 5. a history of rapid progression of symptoms 6. toxic appearance 7. apneic or cyanotic episodes.
Term indication and MOA for racemic epinephrine	Definition Indication: bronchospasm Mechanism Of Action: stimulates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing mucosal secretions and relaxing bronchial smooth muscles (sympathomimetic)
Term dosing for racemic epinephrine (also onset and duration)	Definition <4 yo 0.05 mL/kg NEB q2-4h Max: 0.5 mL/dose q1-2h >4 yo 0.5 mL NEB q3-4h Onset 1-5min Duration 1-3h
Term When do you use oral steroids in a infant or child in resp distress?	Definition After racemic epinephrine alone fails. Steroids are controversial.
Term Onset of action for IV antihistamines?	Definition 15-30 min
Term In pediatric anaphylaxis, how should epinephrine be given?	Definition 0.3-0.5mg of 1:1000 sol (0.01 mg/kg) SC/IM q20min-4h prn then 0.1-1.5 mcg/kg/min IV if severe anaphylactic shock
Term indications and MOA for epinephrine	Definition ACLS, asystole/PEA ACLS, VF/pulseless ACLS, bradycardia anaphylaxis severe anaphylactic shock asthma, severe MOA: stimulates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors (sympathomimetic)
Term stimulates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors	Definition sympathomimetic
Term infant/children dosing of epinephrine in anaphylaxis	Definition 0.3-0.5mg of 1:1000 sol (0.01 mg/kg) SC/IM q20min-4h prn then 0.1-1.5 mcg/kg/min IV if severe anaphylactic shock
Term adult dosing of epinephrine in anaphylaxis	Definition 0.1-0.5 mg (1:1000 sol) SC/IM q5-15min prn Max: 1 mg/dose Alt: 0.1-0.25 mg (1:10,000 sol) IV over 5-10min q5-15min prn, then 1-4 mcg/min IV if severe anaphylactic shock
Term In addition to epi, what should be given to the anaphylactic child?	Definition high flow (positive pressure) O2
Term type of cough in asthma vs infection.	Definition asthma = dry infection = productive
Term common complaint in ped with asthma	Definition nocturnal cough
Term hemoptysis in ped is associated with...	Definition gram negative infections bronchiectasis cystic fibrosis
Term snoring in peds associated with...	Definition obstructive sleep disorder
Term bronchiectasis	Definition chronic dilatation of the bronchi marked by fetid breath and paroxysmal coughing, with the expectoration of mucopurulent matter. Types are distinguished according to the nature of the dilatations. Called also bronchiectasia.
Term bronchiolitis	Definition inflammation of the bronchioles, usually occurring in children less than 2 years old and resulting from a viral infection, particularly with respiratory syncytial virus.
Term Most common lethal genetic dz in US	Definition cystic fibrosis
Term presentation of cystic fibrosis	Definition - chronic cough/URI/pulm inf - GI findings - failure to thrive secondary to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (decrease in growth chart percentile)
Term When does infant GERD occur?	Definition first few months of life.
Term Most common cause of bronchiolitis?	Definition respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Term Indications for bronchoscopy	Definition - Cough (persistent, unexplained) - Hemoptysis - Wheeze (localized/fixed) - Unexplained hoarseness and/or vocal cord paralysis - Suspected tracheo-esophageal fistula - Chest trauma - Focal/unilateral hyperinflation or hyperlucency - Localization of broncho-pleural fistula - Atelectasis (persistent) - Abnormal chest radiograph -- Pleural effusion -- Paratracheal/mediastinal/hilar mass -- Parenchymal mass/nodule -- Diagnosis of etiology of pneumonia ---- Recurrent/nonresolving(imunocompetent host) ---- Nosocomial ---- Immunocompromised host - Foreign body in airway (known or suspected) - Evaluation for rejection in lung transplant recipient - Delivery of brachytherapy
Term Where does a mass have to be to be evaluated by brochoscopy?	Definition - Paratracheal - mediastinal - hilar mass - perihilar mass
Term When is CT helpful in dx of lung masses? (drawback?)	Definition detecting calcification within the mass but will not definitively differentiate benign from malignant nodules.
Term What will MRI tell you about lung masses? (drawback?)	Definition - nodule size - shape - margins - exact location - satellite lesions - Will not depict cell type, benign or malignant.
Term rarely diagnostic in extrabronchial plumonary nodules	Definition sputum cytology
Term seroma	Definition a tumorlike collection of serum in the tissues.
Term tx post-op seroma	Definition evacuation (needle aspiration) and sclerosis (injected tetracycline)
Term paradoxical	Definition occurring at variance with the normal rule.
Term when do you see paradoxical chest wall movement?	Definition chest wall injury
Term flattening of the diaphragm	Definition chronic lung dz
Term How do you visualize a radiolucent airway obstruction?	Definition Inspiratory and expiratory CXR. Trapped air will be present on inspiration and remain distal to the obstruction on expiration.
Term How do you visualize a radiolucent airway obstruction?	Definition Inspiratory and expiratory CXR. Trapped air will be present on inspiration and remain distal to the obstruction on expiration.
Term How do you visualize a radiolucent airway obstruction?	Definition Inspiratory and expiratory CXR. Trapped air will be present on inspiration and remain distal to the obstruction on expiration.
Term PE finding most consistent with pneumothorax	Definition hyperresonance or tympany over the affected area
Term whispered pectoriloquy	Definition the transmission of the sound of whispered words through the walls of the chest, heard upon auscultation and indicating an area of consolidation. Called also whispered bronchophony or voice.
Term bronchophony or pectoriloquy indicate....	Definition consolidation
Term increase and decrease of tactile fremitus indicates...	Definition INCREASED: - increased density of the lung, e.g. consolidation by pneumonia or atelectasis. DECREASED: - an excess of fat tissue on the chest - the presence of air or fluid in the pleura - lung distension

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