Term
| Effect of Angiotensin on blood vessels |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction by acting on AT receptors
(Angiotensin is a peptide formed with the help of ACE) |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Endothelin on blood vessels |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction by acting on ET-A receptors
(ET-B would induce vasodilation via NO)
Is a peptide fomred in the endothelium
Mediates vascular spasm |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Bradykinin on blood vessels |
|
Definition
Increases vascular permeability (involved in angioedema)
A polypeptide.
Use B2 blocker 'icatibant' to treat too much Bradykinin |
|
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Term
| Effect of Prostaglandin on blood vessels |
|
Definition
Vasodilation
Is derived from lipids/fatty acids
Could also induce labor when acting on uterine tissue. |
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Term
Antihistamines
(Effect on receptor)
(Structural importance)
(Distribution)
(Receptors affected) |
|
Definition
Effect: Inverse Agonist on H-1
Structural/Distribution: 1st generation will cross BBB. 2nd generation will not.
Receptors blocked: H-1, 5-HT, Muscarinic, DA, Alpha-adrenergic, |
|
|
Term
Antihistamines
(Metabolism)
(Action)
(Use)
(ADRs) |
|
Definition
Metabolism: FGAH~Microsomal ; SGAH~CYP3A4
Action: CNS~Sedation ; Lungs~Blocks hypersecretion and bronchoconstriction ; Vessels~Vasoconstriction ; Sodium channels~Inhibits ; Inflammation~Inhibits |
|
|
Term
Antihistamines
(Use)
(ADRs)
(Drug Interactions) |
|
Definition
Use: Allergy (rhinits, urticaria, dermatitis) ; Nausea/Vomiting ; Parkinson's(Benztropine); Local anesthetic(Diphenhydramine, promethazine); Dystonia
ADRs: Sedation; Dizziness; Fatigue; convulsion in children; Anti-Ach; Coma and teratogenicity
Drug Interactions: Grapefruit; Anti-ach; Alpha-block; Ketoconazole |
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Term
|
Definition
Leukotriene Receptor Inhibitor(LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
For children >5
Longer half-life than Montelukast
CYP2C9 -> Biliary excretion
Oral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leukotriene Receptor Inhibitor(LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
For children >2
Shorter half-life than Zafirulast
CYP2C9 -> Biliary excretion
Oral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leukotriene Synthesis Inhibitor (5-lipoxygenase)
Shorter half-life than Montelukast and Zafirulast
CYP1A2,2C9,3A4 -> Urinary elimination
Oral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H2 Receptor Block
Used for mild GERD to decrease acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H2 Receptor Block
Used for mild GERD to decrease acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H2 Receptor Block
Used for mild GERD to decrease acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H2 Receptor Block
Used for mild GERD to decrease acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H3 Receptor Antagonist
For: Sleep Disorder(Narcolepsy); Obesity; Cognitive disorder; ADHD
Other uses: As an antipsychotic for schizophrenia; ADHD |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Adenosine on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Inflammation, bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Adrenergic on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of Cholinergic on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Bronchoconstriction, Increased Secretions (M-3) |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Leukotriene on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Bronchoconstriction, Inflammation (LT) |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Dopaminergic on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Histaminergic on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
Bronchoconstriction, Increased secretion (H1)
Is NOT a mediator of asthma however. |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Endothelin on the respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstriction, Pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
| Effect of Thromboxane on the blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major ADR of Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen) |
|
Definition
Pulmonary HTN
Is an appetite suppressant
However, its metabolite, norfenfluramine is a 5HT-2B agonist that affects the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vasodilation (Prostacyclin-Naturally occuring PG)
Parenteral (IV) ; Expensive
Infection risk
For Pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vasodilation (Prostacyclin-synthetic)
Parenteral (SC)
Less infection risk than Epoprostenol.
For Pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vasodilation (Prostacyclin-synthetic)
Oral
Less infection risk than Epoprostenol.
More safety and compliance
For Pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endothelin-A Receptor antagonist (Synthetic) -> Vasodilation
Oral
For Pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
| Sildenafil (20mg) "Revatio" |
|
Definition
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor -> Vasodilation
Oral
ADRs: CNS~Amnesia, seizure; Eye~Blue vision, optic neuropathy; CVS~Ischemia
For Pulmonary HTN (As opposed to Viagra 50 mg which is for Erectile Dysfunction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds prostacyclines to increase their effect and will inhibit phosphodiesterase. This leads to vasodilation that can alleviate Pulmonary HTN. (Also is used as inhibitor of platelet aggregation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A Dopamine Agonist
Can be used to treat Erectile Dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A prostaglandin.
Can be used to treat Erectile Dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha 2 agonist
Can be used to treat Erectile Dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Effect of alcohol/cocaine on Erectile Dysfunction |
|
Definition
| They can lead to decreased testosterone and thus to impotence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A muscarinic agonist.
Can test for Cystic Fibrosis by testing for hyper-responsiveness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recombinant Human deoxyribonuclease
Breaks down DNA in the sputum, decreasing its viscosity.
Used to loosen mucus in Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to loosen mucus in Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to loosen mucus in Custic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Alternate Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis |
|
Definition
CFTR Gene therapy: In vivo(gene direct to organ); Ex vivo (Removal of marrow, treat with vector, replace marrow)
Transplantation: Both lungs; liver; pancrease.
Antibiotics, NSAIDS, Steroids
Vitamins A,D,E,K
High calorie diet
Calcium, electrolytes
Embryo transfer, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection for pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Nocturnal Asthma? |
|
Definition
| With Beta Adrenergic Agonists to fix the offset of catecholamines that occurs at night. |
|
|
Term
| Effect of cAMP on Bronchus |
|
Definition
Bronchodilation, Hypersecretion,
(Beta-2 is Gs that increases cAMP but results in inhibition rather than stimulation when on smooth muscle)
One could also use PDE Inhibitors/Xanthine derivatives to increase cAMP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane stabililzer of mast cells, basophils, and inhibits release of LT/SRSA.
(Nasal, oral) For Asthma and Congestion.
Derived from Amni Visnaga(plant)
ADRs: Dermatitis, Gastroenteritis, Myositis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits PLA2, blocking PG and LT synthesis
Decreases inflammation and suppresses eosiniphil production in bone marrow.
ADRs: HTN, DM, GI bleed, Thinning of skin, Osteoporosis, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bronchodilator via Beta-2 -> Increased cAMP
(Oral, Inhaled)
cAMP will bronchodilate, decrease vascular permeability, and suppress the parasympathetic effect
ADRs: Increased Cardiac effect, HTN, tremor, restlessnes, tachycardia, Beta receptor desensitization over chronic use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bronchodilation via PDE inhibition, which increases cAMP, and the adenosine receptor is also blocked.
Lethal if overdosed.
ADRs: GI heartburn, Nausea, vomiting, CNS~Headache, anxiety, tremor, insomnia
e.g. Thephylline/Aminophylline
Used in COPD/Asthma |
|
|
Term
| Theophylline/Aminophylline |
|
Definition
Bronchodilation via PDE inhibition, which increases cAMP, and the adenosine receptor is also blocked.
Lethal if overdosed.
ADRs: GI heartburn, Nausea, vomiting, CNS~Headache, anxiety, tremor, insomnia
Used in COPD/Asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscarinic Blocker.
Not as effective as Beta-agonist for controlling asthma.
ADRs: Same as all muscarinic blockers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscarinic Blocker.
Not as effective as Beta-agonist for controlling asthma.
Longer duration of action as compared to Ipratropium.
ADRs: Same as all muscarinic blockers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal Antibody, Will decrease the Mast cell release of Leukotrienes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium channel blocker
Will act as as smooth muscle relaxant, and decrease bronchoconstriction by blocking Ca++ influx. |
|
|
Term
| Potassium Channel Openers |
|
Definition
| Suppress bronchoconstriction, hypersecretion, cough, airway hyperactivity, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta Blockers, Blood Pressure Medications, Sleeping pills, tranquilizers, heart drugs, Cholinomimetics, ACE inhibitors, Analgesics, Sedatives, Anesthetics, Alcohol, Levodopa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Anti-Cholinergics, Glucocorticoids, Methylxanthines, Long-term oxygen, Antibiotics, Alpha-Antitrypsin deficiency, Mucolytics, Narcotics, Respiratory Stimulants, Dietary Supplements, PDE Inhibitors, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory Stimulant used in COPD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory Stimulant used in COPD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory Stimulant used in COPD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To irrigate and smoothe irritated tissue in Congestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nasal Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonist used as a decongestant
Longest Duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nasal Adrenergic Agonist used as a decongestant
Not for pediatric use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nasal Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonist used as a decongestant
Shortest duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-3 days to exert its effect. Must not sneeze for 10 minutes after applying.
Mechanism: Inhibits lipocortin synth. which inhibits prostaglandin production.
ADRs: Nose~Sneezing, Bleeding, Irritation/ulceration, crusting ; Head~Headache |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corticosteroid Decongestant
Low potency, high systemic absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corticosteroid Decongestant
Good potency, low systemic absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corticosteroid Decongestant
High potency, low systemic absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corticosteroid Decongestant
Low potency, high systemic absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decongestant. Cell membrane stabilizer of mast cells to inhibit degranulation.
ADRs: Local irritation, itching, burning, tingling, stinging, sneezing
Compliance: 3-4 times/day. Deep breath to inhale during congestion. Must not sneeze for 10 mintues. takes 2-4 weeks for effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decongestant. Anticholinergic, reduced secretions.
ADRs: Nasal dryness, bleeding, headache. Low systemic ADRs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Delayed onset, Longer duration, no nasal irritation or rebound vasodilation.
Adrenergic ADRs: Tachycardia, Nervousness, Insomnia, Excitability, Dizziness, Tremor, Drowsiness, Nausea,
Corticosteroid ADRs: Weight gain, Diabetes Mellitus, Osteoporosis, Cataracts, Glaucoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenergic Systemic Decongestant
Promotes Nasal/sinus drainage,
Formulations: Cap, Tab, Liquid, Syrup
DIs: MAOI,
Counseling: Do not crush ER tab, and do not exceed recommended dose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenergic Systemic Decongestant/bronchodilator
Formulation: Cap, Injection, Jelly, Spray,
Caution in cardiovascular patient
DIs: MAOI, Theophylline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenergic Systemic Decongestant
For Temp. relief, weight loss
Low Therapeutic Index******** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Administration of gradually increasing concentration of an aggravating allergen to increase tolerance to the allergen.
Very expensive and patient must be compliant(patience and regular hospital visits)
Contra: HIV, AIDS, Auto-immunity, Pregnancy, Beta-blockers |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of morphine for cough |
|
Definition
| Even though it has anti-tussive properties by acting on a non-opiod receptor, there is still liability, euphoria, respiratory depression, and analgesia from the opiod receptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Morphine derivatives. Methylation of phenolic group and alteration of the C-ring. Codeine has anti-tussive effect without the analgesic property (some remains with hydrocodone. Sedative effects are also present (more so with hydrocodone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-opiod Peripheral Cough suppressant
Local anasthetic that acts on stretch receptors(on alveoli/bronchi).
More effective than codeine
ADRs: Headache, mental confusion, sedation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-opiod Peripheral Cough suppressant
Local anasthetic that acts on stretch receptors(on alveoli/bronchi).
More effective than codeine
ADRs: Headache, mental confusion, sedation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-tussive. Morphine derivative.
Preferred over codeine for cough suppression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Therapy of pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Therapy of pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and Therapy of Pharyngitis |
|
Definition
Sore throat, Fever, Dysphagia
No Cough
Therapy: Antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and Therapy of Sinusitis |
|
Definition
Muco-ciliary epithelium affected, nasal discharge, facial pain, fever
Therapy: Antibiotics, No decongestants |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and Therapy of Epiglottis |
|
Definition
(The 4D's)Dysphagia, Drooling, distress, dysphonia, fever
Therapy: Antibiotics, Moist Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and Therapy of Laryngitis |
|
Definition
Barking Cough
No Drooling
Therapy: Antibiotics, Dehumidified air, Epinephrine, Glucocorticoids. |
|
|
Term
| Therapy for Cardiopulmonary arrest |
|
Definition
Non-Pharmacological: CPR, electrical defibrillation
Pharmacological:
Epinephrine,
Vasopressin(ADH) to vasoconstrict and increase BP,
Antiarrhymics like lidocaine, and amiodarone
Thrombolytics
Atropine
Magnesium |
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