Term
Asthma
pathophysiology of asthma |
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Definition
CHRONIC and EPISODIC disease... treatments but no cure
reduction in the airway diameter= contraction of smooth muscle, vascular congestion, edema of bronchial wall
AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IS UNDERLYING PROCESS AND RESULTS IN
bronchial hyperreactivity, bronchospasm, ncreased secretions/viscosity, bronchial remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
- allergy
*Genetics*
- air pollution, psychogenic |
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Term
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Definition
1. allergic: largest risk factor
2. idiosyncratic |
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Term
| Common triggers for asthma |
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Definition
| Allergy, Psychological, Medications, Infections, Habits, Atmospheric |
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Term
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Definition
"all that wheezes is not asthma and all asthma doesn't wheeze"
other causes of wheezing: heart disease, COPD, inhaled foreign body |
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Term
| how do you diagnose asthma? |
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Definition
Lab findings: elevated IgE levels in sputum and serum
- elevated blood eosinophil count |
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Term
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Definition
anti-inflammatory
*Acute episodes: Beta-2 agonists= bronchodilators*
*Prevention of recurrences: anti-inflammatory agents* |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha: vasoconstriction and inhibit NE and insulin
Beta1: increased Hr and contractility
Beta2: smooth muscle relaxation and hyperglycemia |
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Term
adverse effects of Beta-2 agonists
Types of Beta2 Agonists |
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Definition
tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypertension
shooting for bronchodilation
Short Acting (2-6 hours)
LABA: long acting beta agonists (6-24 hours) |
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Term
| LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonists |
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Definition
Main goal: blocking parasympathetic receptors that cause reduction in airway diameter
- Inhalers |
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Term
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Definition
strong anti-inflammatory effect
inhaled administration for attack prevention
- inhalers are best because it reduces total absorbed dose and reduces side effects |
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Term
Leukotrienes
so what kind of drugs do we use for leukotrienes |
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Definition
modulates inflammation
trigger bronchoconstriction
LTD4
BLOCKERS |
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Term
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Definition
Epinephrine subcu injection
Beta 2 Inhalers
Glucocoritoicds |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the lungs due to infectious organisms
Causative: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi
8th leading cause of death in U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
cough, fever chills, dyspnea
chest pain, hemoptysis, anorexia |
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Term
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Definition
Community Acquired Pneumonia: Bacteria: streptococcus,, mycobacteria, influenzae, virus, fungi... MOSTLY Bacteria
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia: |
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Term
| What are common antibiotics for CAP? |
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Definition
Amoxiccilin or Ampicillin
Macrolides: Azithromycin
LEVOFLOXACIN |
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Term
| What are complications from pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Pleural Empyema, Lung Abscess, Pleural Effusion |
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Term
| COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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Definition
chronic and gradually progressive pulm. disorder
*airflow obstruction and and gradual alveolar dilation/destruction*
leads to CHRONIC BRONCHITIS OR EMPHYSEMA |
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Term
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Definition
5th most common cause of death
Most common cause : Cigarette smoking**, toxin
Genetics: Cystic Fibrosis |
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Term
| Difference between 2 types of COPD |
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Definition
- chronic bronchitis
airway obstruction> alveolar loss
- emphysema
Alveolar loss> airway obstruction |
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Term
Chronic Bronchitis
Symptoms |
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Definition
Airway obstruction > Alveolar loss
reactive airway - asthma like
*CHRONIC PRODUCTIVE COUGH PREDOMINATES
Mucopurulent sputum
frequent flares and worsening cough |
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Term
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Definition
alveolar loss > airway obstruction
dilation and destruction of alveoli and airways though
progressive shortness of breath with exertion
chronic cough but less significant |
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Term
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Definition
malignancy arising from respiratory epithelium cells
- from the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
*DEATH TOLL FROM LUNG CANCER IS GREATER THAN BREAST, PROSTATE, COLLORECTAL, PANCREATIC* |
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Term
| 2 MAIN TYPES OF LUNG CANCER |
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Definition
1. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
2. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
large cell carcinoma, squamos carcinoma, adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| Difference between 2 main types |
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Definition
Small cell carcinoma: much more aggressive
- resection is impossible
- survival without treatment is terrible |
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Term
| Main cause of lung cancer |
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Definition
Cigarette smoking
or second hand smoking
even if you've been a smoker your risk declines but at a SLOWER rate |
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Term
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Definition
| weight loss, cough, hemoptysis (bloody sputum), chest pain or vertebral pain |
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Term
| Ways to diagnose lung cancer |
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Definition
radiography
CT: gives a better look
PET: DETECTS METASTASES |
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Term
Tuberculosis
how is it most likely to be transported? |
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Definition
Infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis*
- slow growing aerobic bacterium *Acid-Fast Bacillus*
In late stages it can infect/affect every organ system
30-40% of humanity has been infected with TB**
respiratory, infected cows milk = PASTEURIZATION |
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Term
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Definition
*Key Pathological feature: Caseous Granuloma*
- cheese
*Most patients the immune system kepps the TB infection LATENT*
others (5-10%) = PROGRESSIVE |
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Term
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Definition
intermittent fever, weight loss, cough, hemoptysis, fatigue, malaise
TB bacilli ARE Present |
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Term
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Definition
Widespread
LETHAL
most common in infants and elderly |
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Term
| What's the gold standard for TB blood test? |
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Definition
| Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) |
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Term
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Definition
sensitive strains: 3-4 drugs based on sensitivity studies
restraint: up to 20 months of 2nd and 3rd line agents |
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Term
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Risk Factors (2) |
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Definition
Pharyngeal collapse during sleep= apnea
hypoxia
long term complications
Obesity and large neck size |
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Term
Symptoms of Sleep Apnea
Long term Risks |
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Definition
Fatigue, daytime sleeping, reduced cognition, depression
Accidents, cardiovascular disease, CVA |
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Term
| Treatment for sleep apnea |
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Definition
| Weight loss, airway control device, CPAP (continous positive airway pressure), oral appliances |
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Term
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Definition
Systemic: 120/80
Pulmonary 25/8 |
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Term
| Secondary Pulmonary hypertension |
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Definition
| Drugs, HIV, L side heart failure, COPD, chronic high altitude exposure, sarcoidosis, Obstructive sleep apnea |
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Term
| What's the self-perpetuating cycle of pulm. hypertension? |
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Definition
increased pulmonary pressure generates
- structural changes in pulm. vessels and increases pulmonary pressure |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of pulm. hypertension? |
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Definition
SYNCOPE ON EXERTION**
fatigue, weakness, peripheral cyanosis,
R sided heart failure... peripheral edema and Ascites |
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Term
Who gets pulm hypertension?
is this shit serious? |
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Definition
It's super rare... but it's mostly seen in young woemnC
Yes: course is progressive with death in 8-10 years
treatment options: lung transplantation |
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