Motivation

- internal state that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior.

Achievement Motivation

- desire to excel, striving for excellence and success.

-               proposed the birth order hypothesis:                  tends to be higher in achievement motivation. 

Adler ;oldest

Attribution Theory 

- considers to what or to whom a person assigns responsibility for success or failure.

Locus of control

- tells where that responsibility is assigned.

- People with an              locus of control tend to see their successes/failures as the consequences of their own actions and characteristics. 

Internal

- People with an             locus of control tend to credit or blame outside forces for their successes/failures.

External

Competence/ Efficacy

- feeling that comes from interacting effectively with the environment.

Bandura's theory of self-efficacy

- focuses on expectations of efficacy rather than feelings.

Four sources of efficacy expectations:

- 1. past performance accomplishments

2. vicarious experiences

3. verbal persuasion

4. emotional arousal

Learned Helplessness

- sense that nothing one does matters, that one is doomed to fail (Seligman's experiments)

Intrinsic Motivation

- doing something because it is fun and rewarding

Extrinsic Motivation

-doing something to get something 

- the delivery of a            can often

            intrinsically-motivated behavior.

reward; decrease

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

- when deficiency needs are met, the motivation for fulfilling them decreases.

- when being (growth) needs are met, the motivation for fulfilling them increases.

Deficiency Needs

- 1. physiological

2. safety

3.love/belonging

4.esteem

Being (growth) Needs

- 1. intellectual achievement

2. aesthetic appreciation

3. self-actualization

4. transcendence

James-Lange Theory

- feedback from the body produces the emotion:

psychological signal changes first and then emotion.

Cannon- Bard Theory

- physiological changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously.

Facial Feedback

- emotion comes from an awareness of our facial expressions. 

Scachter-Singer Theory

(cognitive appraisal; two-factor)

- emotion is a product of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. 

Opponent Process

-for every emotional reaction, there is an opposite or opponent reaction.

Personality

- a person's characteristic patterns of behavior,thinking, and feeling.

6 years

- Sigmund Freud believed that the structure of an individual's personality is most influenced by the first ________ of life.

Three Levels of Consciousness

- 1.conscious

2.preconsciuos

3.unconscious

 (CPU)

1. id-most primitive,exists at birth-works   on the "pleasure" principle

2. ego-emerges during 1st yr of life,protects person & copes with the  real world- works on the "reality" principle,  tries to meet the id's needs safely.

3.superego- develops around 2-3 yrs, opposes desires of the id by enforcing morals and striving for perfection-called "conscience"

Three Personality Forces:

- unconscious (or preconscious) ways to combat anxiety through the distortion of reality.  

Defense Mechanisms

Repression

- actively forgetting painful memories

Regression

- retreat to behavior of an earlier stage or development. 

Projection

-unknowingly projecting one's own unacceptable thoughts or motives to someone else. 

Displacement

- venting one's feeling on an innocent person/object rather than the one involved.

Undoing

- trying to make up for something done or thought that was wrong.

Libido

- basic, instinctual energy that has a strong sexual component component.

Psychosexual Stages of Development:

1. oral: occurs during 1st yr of life, emphasis on feeding.
2. anal: 2nd yr, emphasis on elimination
3. phallic: 3-6 yrs, most controversial- feelings for opposite-sex parent (Oedipus/Electra).
4. latency: 6-11 yrs, sexual feelings are repressed, emphasis on social/intellectual development functioning.
5. genital: 11 or 12 yrs, emphasis on identification with one's own sex 7 capacity for love.

fixated

- Libidinal energy could become _____ at a certain stage if a person experienced disagreeable experiences

Pschoanalysis

- seeks to reveal and interpret contents of unconscious mind.

(Freud used free association and dream interpretation.)

Psychodynamic Therapy

-seeks to understand themes in relationships and unconscious motives

Freud's Contributions to Psychology:

- stressed importance of childhood to later development, gave us concept of defense mechanisms, & influenced other psychologist who developed their own theories. 

Carl Jung

- proposed the idea of a collective unconscious inherited from humanity's ancestors (archetypes) and a personal unconscious. 

Introversion

-quiet, reserved, energizes from time alone.

Extroversion

- outgoing, energizes from time spent with others.

Karen Horney

- proposed basic problems that people deal with by moving toward, against, or away from others; 10 neurotic needs-normal desires taken to extremes.

Alfred Adler

- founded the school of individual psychology; believed that the inability to overcome a childhood sense of incompleteness results in an inferiority complex.

Social Cognitive Theory

- observing and modeling; developed by Albert Bandura

Reciprocal Determinism

- process in which cognitions, behavior, and the environment mutually influence each other.

(social cognitive theory)

Humanistic Psychology

- positive qualities and need for personal growth and fulfillment; developed by Maslow and Rogers--uses reflective listening.

Projective Hypothesis

- states that if one presents a neutral, unstructured, ambiguous stimulus to an individual, that person will project part of his/her personalities into the response.

Rorschach Inkblot Technique

-contains 10 cards with ink blots on them.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

- contains ambiguous pictures, and the person is asked to tell a story about each picture.

recurring things

-examiners look for ______ ______ in responses ,as well as, who the person is identifying with (hero/heroine), mood, interpersonal relations, and feeling about the future.

- sentence completion tests are a type of _________ ____________.

Shortcomings of Projective Tests:

- interpreter bias and problems with validity and reliability. 

- is not a projective technique; is considered to be valid and reliable?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

-MMPI-2 can assist in developing a clinical _________ and personality _____; it can be used to predict prison adjustment, alcoholism, and acute depression.

diagnosis; description

-The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on _______'s Theory of Personality.

Jung's