Term
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Definition
Refusing to comply with a suggestion - A concept in persuasion and attitude change - When people feel pressured by a message and increase their resistance to persuasion. |
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Standard Error of Measurement |
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Definition
The average amount of error in each score measured by the predictor |
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Term
Chronic otitis media would show a depressed score in which subtest of the WISC-IV |
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Definition
Vocabulary - Chronic middle ear infections often demonstrate long term deficits in language capacities. |
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Term
What do Wernicke's, Broca's and conduction aphasias have in common? |
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Definition
Impaired repetition of verbal tasks. -While patients with Wernicke's aphasia cannot comprehend language, they speak fluently, and their verbal prosody is intact, but they speak in meaningless sentences. Consequently, they would have difficulty repeating a verbal task. Patients with Broca's aphasia have severe difficulties in articulation, changes in prosody, and some problems in comprehension. They also would have difficulty in repeating a verbal task. In conduction aphasia, the connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas has been damaged. Such patients have intact comprehension, fluency, and prosody, but because the pathway between reception (Wernicke's) and articulation (Broca's) is damaged, they cannot repeat words that they hear.
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Term
Cognitive Impairments as a result of cancer treatment |
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Definition
Cognitive impairments result from chemotherapy as well as radiation involving the central nervous system. - Immunotherapy, such as interferon and interleukin, also cause cognitive deficits in a staggering 50% of all patients treated. |
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Term
Best predictor of adolescent alcohol use |
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Definition
the level of alcohol use by parents and peers. |
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Term
Recommended treatment approach for patients with Factitious Disorder |
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Definition
Gentle confrontation, support, and collaboration - The Merck Manual recommends that "patients with a factitious disorder should be confronted with the diagnosis without suggesting guilt or reproach. The physician must preserve the status of legitimate illness, while indicating that he and the patient can cooperatively resolve the underlying problem." |
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An 11-year-old child is brought to see you by her parents. The parents describe her as generally anxious, and the child tells you she is distressed by having unwanted thoughts and repetitive impulses to perform certain acts. The drug of choice for this child would be a(n): |
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Definition
antidepressant. This child appears to be suffering from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Although OCD is an anxiety disorder, the drug of choice is antidepressant medication. The most commonly prescribed medications are Prozac (fluoxetine), which is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), or Anafranil (clomipramine), a tricyclic antidepressant. |
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Term
Sensitive period vs critical period |
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Definition
| In a sensitive period of development, certain things must occur for development to proceed normally, yet if they don't occur, future events may nevertheless be able to compensate. In a critical period of development, certain things must occur for development to proceed normally, and if they don't, the individual will not be able to compensate in the future. |
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Term
Best treatment for agoraphobia |
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Definition
Flooding Flooding involves exposure to a feared stimulus (in vivo or in imagination) with response prevention. Research suggests it is the best treatment for generalized phobias such as agoraphobia. Based on classical conditioning theory, flooding is an example of classical extinction. The conditioned stimulus (the feared object or situation) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, until the conditioned response (anxiety) is eventually extinguished. |
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Term
How are the mean and standard deviation affected if a constant is subtracted from every score? |
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Definition
The mean decreases and the standard deviation remains the same. All arithmetic operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing) affect the mean, but only multiplication and division affect the standard deviation and the variance. To approach this question intuitively, you can imagine a number line with the test scores graphed along it. Subtracting a constant would shift all the scores downward (and hence the mean) but the overall spread (i.e., variability) would remain the same.
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Term
what should a psychologist do when ethical guidelines conflict with the law? |
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Definition
Make known his or her commitment to the Ethics Code and attempt to resolve the conflict responsibly. |
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Term
When working with a Hispanic American male client, it is most important to... |
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Definition
| identify the client's level of acculturation. |
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Term
A father nods and smiles at his daughter as he is teaching her to tie her shoelaces. His nods and smiles are an example of a... |
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Definition
secondary reinforcer - A secondary reinforcer acquires reinforcing value only through experience. Primary reinforcers are those reinforcers that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (e.g., food). |
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Term
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Definition
| Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the residual effects or optimizing functioning of patients with a chronic condition or disorder (e.g., AA, day treatment centers). |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual dimorphism refers to the systematic differences between individuals of different sex in the same species. In humans, sex differences are thought to result from an interaction between environmental and biological factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman determined that rats developed "cognitive maps" of the mazes, thereby learning how to successfully run them, even though they would only demonstrate this learning when reinforcement was offered |
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Term
Preference for handedness first expresses itself at ____ and becomes firmly established by age ____: |
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Definition
age two, seven to eight - While hand preference typically emerges around age two, it only becomes firmly established around age seven to eight. This age corresponds to the age associated with increased brain specialization and decreased brain plasticity |
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Term
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Definition
Percent tip is negatively correlated with group size. - appears that the larger the group of diners is, the smaller the percentage of tip will be. In other words, a group of three will leave a larger percentage of the bill as a tip than will a group of fifteen |
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Term
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Definition
| Also termed latent trait theory, is used to calculate to what extent a specific item on a test correlates with an underlying construct. Put differently, item response theory looks at a subject's performance on a test item as representing the degree to which the subject has a latent trait. |
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Term
Patterson's Coercion Model of Aggression |
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Definition
| First, children learn to be aggressive by observing coercive and antisocial behavior in the parents. Such parents respond to a child's noncompliance with increasingly coercive and aggressive behaviors. Poor parenting practices then unwittingly reinforce coercive behavior on the part of the child. A cycle of escalating coerciveness ensues. Second, the child with conduct problems experiences academic failure and peer rejection. Third, the child then experiences a depressed mood and is more likely to join a deviant peer group |
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Term
Sample size and statistical significance |
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Definition
| Whenever sample size is large, there is a greater likelihood of finding statistical significance. As sample size grows larger, statistical significance can be found for even very small differences between group means. There is a difference between statistical significance (results are not due to chance) and clinical significance (results are of a meaningful and relevant magnitude). |
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Term
Side effects of beta-blockers |
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Definition
| They can cause sexual dysfunction, with up to 10% of male patients developing impotence. They can also cause dizziness, drowsiness, shortness of breath, angina, cold hands and feet, difficulty sleeping, and nightmares. Less common side effects include depression, anxiety, and thought disturbances. |
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Term
intelligence across the lifespan |
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Definition
crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases. - The classic aging pattern involves increases with age in crystallized intelligence (knowledge gained through experience), while fluid intelligence (organization of information and novel problem-solving) peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, and declines thereafter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when people are reinforced for behaviors they would normally do without reinforcement; when the reinforcement is taken away, there is frequently a decrease in the behavior. The theory posits that people look to their environment to explain their behavior: when they are reinforced, they attribute their behavior to the reinforcement rather than to intrinsic motivation. |
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Term
Centralization of decision-making |
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Definition
associated with autocratic leadership styles and bureaucratic styles, and hence with procedural formalization |
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Term
an avoidant infant exposed to the strange situation will be most likely to... |
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Definition
avoid the mother upon her return to the room |
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Term
The concept of instrumental learning was introduced by... |
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Definition
Thorndike - Thorndike developed the law of effect, which basically proposes that people repeat behaviors that have positive consequences |
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Term
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Definition
Covert sensitization is aversive conditioning conducted in imagination, and is used exclusively in an attempt to eliminate deviant or problematic behaviors like drinking or cigarette smoking. It is not used as a treatment for phobias. |
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Term
Empirical Criterion Keying |
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Definition
Empirical criterion keying was most notably used in the development of the original MMPI. It involves choosing items based on their ability to discriminate between different criterion groups. For example, items were included in the schizophrenia scale of the MMPI if people with schizophrenia responded positively to those items while people without schizophrenia responded negatively to them.
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Term
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Definition
Source memory refers to the ability to remember the context in which material was learned |
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Term
loss aversion model of Kahneman and Tversky |
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Definition
people's decisions are more affected by their desire to avoid losses than by their desire to make gains, and often this bias results in decisions that are not objectively the best ones. |
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Term
Marlatt's approach to the treatment of substance abuse |
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Definition
sees relapse as a natural part of recovery that can be minimized but not avoided. he attempts to minimize the effects of relapses by teaching recovering addicts to view them as inevitable experiences which can be learned from. Part of his model also includes encouraging addicts to attribute relapses to external factors rather than to internal ones. |
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Term
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Definition
Criterion contamination occurs when the rating given on the criterion is affected by knowledge of the score on the predictor. |
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Term
When a group member acts in a manner that conflicts with group norms, the group will probably... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Classical extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, thereby loosening the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
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Term
Immersion (a la Sue & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model) |
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Definition
| In the stage called resistance and immersion, the culturally different person experiences a strong sense of identification with, and commitment to, his or her minority group, and rejects the dominant values of society and culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Piaget's Stage Theory, one of the characteristics of the pre-operational stage is irreversibility which refers to the inability to mentally undo something. In this case, the water was poured into a different container in front of the child, who was then unable to think back to the initial stage of the action. |
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Term
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Definition
Alloplastic reactions to stress involve trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
a pooled error term is used when there is homogeneity of variance (i.e., the variance is equal). When variance is not equal, a separate error term should be used |
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Term
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Definition
Most significant problem in an within-subjects research design. When the same subject is measured repeatedly, the measures demonstrate a high degree of correlation, which is termed autocorrelation. Autocorrelation can either appear to enhance or to decrease the effect of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
A partial correlation is the correlation ("association") between two variables when the association between a third variable and each of the two original variables has been partialed out ("removed"). |
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Term
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Definition
In a semi-partial correlation, the association with the third variable is partialed out for only one of the two initial variables |
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Term
It is through play that the child develops... |
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Definition
mastery of difficult feelings - The most significant aspects of child's play is that it allows the child to try out new roles, and master difficult feelings and situations |
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