Term
| Defining Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| Pattern of symptoms associated with one or more: distress, disability, increased risk for further suffering or harm |
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Term
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Definition
Begins to babble
Brings hand to mouth
First smile |
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Term
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Definition
Babbles chains of sounds
Can tell emotions by tone of voice
Develops full color vision
Responds to own name
Transfers objects from hand to hand |
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Term
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Definition
Bangs two objects together
Crawls forward
Cries when parent leaves
Finds objects even when hidden on two or three covers
Finger feeds self
Reaches sitting position without help
Responds to "no"
Says "dada" and "mama"
Walks holding onto furniture |
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Term
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Definition
Begins make-believe play
Begins to run
Defiant behavior
Sort by shapes and colors
2-4 word sentences
Turns over containers to pour out contents
Walks alone
Walks up and down stairs holding onto support |
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Term
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Definition
Can ride a tricycle
Expresses affection openly
Sorts objects by shape and color |
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Term
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Definition
Cooperates with others
Uses scissors
Walks up and down stairs without support |
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Term
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Definition
Dresses and undresses without help
Uses a fork, spoon, and sometimes knife to eat |
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Term
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Definition
Birth-2
Learn world through senses
Assimilation and accommodation
Learning object permanence |
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Term
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Definition
2-7
Learn to use symbolic representation
Express self via words, drawings
Unable to appreciate operations
Characterized by egocentric thinking |
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Term
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Definition
7-11
Able to perform logical operations on concrete objects
Egocentrism wanes |
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Term
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Definition
12+
Abstract thinking and problem solving start to develop |
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Term
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Definition
Ignores fact that frontal lobes don't fully develop til early 20's
Also ignores that egocentric thinking present in teens (personal fable, invincibility) |
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Term
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Definition
Birth-1
Attachment; temperament
Parenting and caregiver styles |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
1-3
Parenting and caregiver styles
Introduction to social mores and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
3-5
Parenting and caregiver styles
Social mores and expectations
introduction to cognitive capabilities and academic expectations
Introduction to social relationships |
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Term
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Definition
5-12
Increased emphasis on academic expectations
Different focus and emphasis on social relationships
Social expectations change |
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Term
| Identity vs. role confusion |
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Definition
12-18
Focus on creating sense of personal self unique from parents
Increased autonomy
Requires ability to process info from many different sources and use to make own decisions |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior occurs on continuum from normal to pathological
Deviant behavior is matter of degree
Look at elevation in symptoms, rather than cut off point
Allows for flexibility in considerations |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders where "acting out" occurs
Onset in childhood
Behavior disruptive to others |
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Term
| Sex Differences in Externalizing Disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| ADHD - inattentive criteria |
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Definition
Fails to give close attention to details/makes careless mistakes
Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
Does not follow through on instructions/fails to finish tasks
Has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
Avoids tasks that require sustained mental effort
Loses things necessary for tasks or activities
Easily distracted
Forgetful in daily activities |
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Term
| ADHD - hyperactivity/impulsivity criteria |
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Definition
Fidgets or squirms
Leaves seat in classroom
Runs about or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations
Difficulty playing quietly
Often "on the go"
Talks excessively
Blurts out answers before questions finished
Difficulty awaiting turn
Interrupts others |
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Term
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Definition
Onset prior to age 7
6 or more symptoms of inattentive = ADHD-PI
6 or more symptoms of hyperactive = ADHD-HI
6 or more of each - ADHD-C
Symptoms must be present in 2 or more arenas
Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months |
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Term
| Limitations of DSM Criteria for ADHD |
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Definition
Developmentally insensitive
Categorical view
Onset prior to age 7 uncertain
Potentially gendered symptoms
Requirement of symptoms being present in different settings means interrater reliability has effect |
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Term
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Definition
3-7.8%
More in boys
More in lower SES
Found in all countries and cultures |
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Term
| Associated Cognitive Deficits with ADHD |
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Definition
Deficits in executive functions
Difficulties in applying intelligence
Academic delays
Learning disorders
Speech and language impairments |
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Term
| Associated Medical and Physical Concerns (ADHD) |
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Definition
Sleep disturbances common
Associated with accident-proneness and risky behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
Profoundly rejected by peers
Difficulties with social interactions
Increased aggression and fixed social reputation
Missed social cues and poor attribution |
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Term
| Adolescent Problems (ADHD) |
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Definition
Meaningful relationship with substance use
Greater number of car accidents
Higher rates of teen pregnancies
Earlier age of sex
Less likelihood of completing high school and college |
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Term
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Definition
44% have one other
43% 2 or more
Most common overlap is with ODD and CD |
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Term
| Developmental Course (ADHD) |
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Definition
HI usually appears first
Onset often preschool, usually by school age
Deficits in attention increase with school demands
Oppositional and socially aggressive behaviors develop in early school
Still have ADHD as teens with decreased HI behaviors
problems continue into adulthood |
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Term
| Motivation Deficit Theory (ADHD) |
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Definition
| Diminished sensitivity to rewards and punishment, resulting in deterioration of performance when rewards are infrequent |
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Term
| Deficit in Arousal Level Theory (ADHD) |
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Definition
| Low arousal, resulting in excessive self-stimulation (hyperactivity) in order to maintain optimal arousal |
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Term
| Deficit in self-regulation theory (ADHD) |
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Definition
| Inability to use thought and language to direct behavior results in impulsivity, poor maintenance of effort, deficient modulation of arousal level, and attraction to immediate rewards |
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Term
| Deficit in behavioral inhibition theory (ADHD) |
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Definition
| Inability to control behavior is basis for many difficulties associated with ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
Runs in families
Adoption and twin studies indicate strong hereditary base
DAT (dopamine transporter) and DRD4 (dopamine receptor) genes implicated |
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Term
| Pregnancy, Birth, and Early Development (ADHD) |
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Definition
Low birth weight, malnutrition, early neurological trauma, diseases of infancy may be related to later symptoms
Maternal substance abuse associated (especially stimulants) |
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Term
| Neurobiological Factors (ADHD) |
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Definition
Largely neurobiological disorder
Implication of basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex
Smaller cerebral volume and smaller cerebellum
Neurotransmitters involved include dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
Medication (Yay adderall)
Parent Management Training (provide parents with skills to help manage behavior)
Educational interventions (focus on managing behaviors that interfere with learning) |
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Term
| Sub-dimensions of externalizing behavior |
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Definition
Delinquent-aggressive
Overt-covert
Destructive-nondestructive |
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Term
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms/Criteria |
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Definition
Loses temper
Argues with adults
Defiance or refusal to comply
Deliberately annoys others
Blames others for mistakes or misbehavior
Touchy or easily annoyed
Angry and resentful
Spiteful or vindictive
Symptoms must be present at least 6 months |
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Term
| Conduct Disorder General Criteria |
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Definition
Repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms and rules
Three or more criteria in past 12 months, with at least one in past 6 months |
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Term
| Aggression to people and animals (CD) |
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Definition
Bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
Initiates physical fights
Used weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others
Has been physically cruel to people or animals
Stolen while confronting victim
Forced someone into sexual activity |
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Term
| Destruction of property (CD) |
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Definition
Deliberately engaged in fire setting with intention of causing serious damage
Has deliberately destroyed others' property other than by fire setting |
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Term
| Deceitfulness or theft (CD) |
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Definition
Has broken into someone else's house, building, or car
Lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations
Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting victim |
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Term
| Serious violations of rules (CD) |
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Definition
Stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13
Has run away from home overnight at least twice
Is often truent from school, beginning before 13 |
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Term
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Definition
Onset of at least one criterion prior to age 10
More likely to be male
Are aggressive
Persist in antisocial behavior over time |
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Term
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Definition
Absence of any criteria prior to age 10
Are as likely to be male as female
Do not show severity or psychopathology of early-onset group
Less likely to commit violent offenses or persist in antisocial behavior over time |
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Term
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Definition
Mild - few if any conduct problems in excess of minimum and problems cause only minor harm to others
Moderate - Number of conduct problems and effect on others between mild and severe
Severe - Many problems in excess of requirement or problems cause considerable harm |
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Term
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Definition
Most cases of CD preceded by ODD, but most with ODD do not progress to CD
40% of children with CD later develop APD
ADHD, depression, anxiety also comorbid |
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Term
| Cognitive and verbal deficits (CD/ODD) |
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Definition
Normal IQ, but generally 8 points lower than peers
VIQ < PIQ
Deficits present before conduct problems
Deficits in executive functioning |
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Term
| School and Learning Problems (CD/ODD) |
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Definition
Underachievement, especially in language and reading
Relationship often best accounted for by presence of ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
Inflated and unstable self-esteem
Verbal and physical aggression toward peers
Often rejected by peers
Involvement with other antisocial peers
Underestimate own aggression, overestimate others' aggression
Often lack of concern for others |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of family cohesion and emotional support
Deficient parenting practices
Harsh discipline
High rates of conflict, marital discord
Family history of antisocial behavior and psychopathology
Family instability |
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Term
| Health-Related Problems (CD/ODD) |
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Definition
Rates of premature death 3-4 times higher in boys with conduct problems
HIgher risk of personal injury and illness
Early onset of sexual activity, higher sex-related risks
Substance abuse, higher risk of overdose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gender Differences for ODD/CD |
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Definition
Antisocial behavior 3-4 times more common in boys in childhood
Differences disappear by age 15
Boys remain more violence-prone throughout lifespan
Girls use more indirect/relational forms of aggression |
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Term
| Developmental Course for ODD/CD |
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Definition
Moffit's model/Two pathways
Life-course-persistent path begins at early age and persists into adulthood
Adolescent-limited path begins around puberty and ends in young adulthood (more common and less serious than LCP
Negative adult outcomes, especially LCP |
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Term
| Genetic Influences (ODD/CD) |
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Definition
Biologically-based traits like difficult early temperament or hyperactivity-impulsivity may predispose children
Adoption and twin studies support genetic contribution, especially overt behaviors
Different pathways reflect interaction between genetic and environmental risk and protective factors |
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Term
| Neurobiological Factors (ODD/CD) |
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Definition
Overactive behavioral activation system and underactive BIS
Early-onset CD show low psychophysiological and/or cortical arousal and autonomic reactivity
Higher rates of neurodevelopmental risk factors
Neuropsychological deficits |
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Term
| Social-Cognitive Factors (ODD/CD) |
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Definition
Egocentrism and lack of perspective taking
Cognitive deficiencies (inability to use verbal mediators to regulate behavior)
Cognitive distortions (hostile attributions to ambiguous stimuli)
Deficits in stages of social information-processing |
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Term
| Societal Influences (ODD/CD) |
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Definition
More common in neighborhoods with criminal subcultures
Established correlation between media violence and antisocial behavior |
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Term
| Cultural Factors (ODD/CD) |
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Definition
| Associated with minority status, but likely due to low SES |
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Term
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Definition
Parent management training
Cognitive problem-solving skills training
Multisystemic treatment
Preventive interventions
Success or failure depends on type and severity of problem |
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Term
| Substance Abuse Prevalence |
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Definition
Alcohol most prevalent substance used and abused, followed by cigarettes
Illicit substance use common: typically weed, but MDMA, opiates, cocaine, crack increasing
8% of adolescents meet criteria |
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Term
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Definition
Rates peak around late adolescence and begin to decline during young adulthood
Concern greatest when high-risk behaviors begin well before adolescence, are ongoing, and occur among peer group with similar behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
One or more in 12 month period
Recurrent substance use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations
Recurrent substance use in situations where physically hazardous
Recurrent substance-related legal issues
Continued substance use despite recurrent problems caused or exacerbated by effects of substance |
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Term
| Substance Dependency Criteria |
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Definition
Three or more in 12 month period
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Substance often taken in larger amounts or over longer period than intended
Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
Great deal of time spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from effects
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use
Use continued despite knowledge of having persistent or recurrent problem caused or exacerbated by substance |
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Term
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Definition
Polydrug use/abuse
CD/ODD
ADHD
Internalizing disorders, link less clear |
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Term
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Definition
Disturbance in mood, specifically depressed mood
Suffer from extreme, persistent, or poorly regulated emotional states |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder Criteria |
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Definition
Presence of major depressive episode, defined by:
Depressed mood most of the day, most days (may be irritable mood in children)
Diminished interest or pleasure in activities
Changes in appetite or weight
Sleep disturbances
Psychomotor retardation or agitation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
Difficulty thinking or concentrating
Thoughts of death or suicidal ideation |
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Term
| Clinical Features of Depression in Young Children |
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Definition
Unlikely to report dysphoria or hopelessness
May show depressed appearance
More likely to have somatic complaints
Irritability
Uncooperativeness
Apathy
Disinterest
Separation anxiety
high rates of comorbid psychotic features |
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Term
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Definition
2-8% children 4-18
More rare in preschool and school-age, increases into adolescence and adulthood
Rates seem to be increasing |
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Term
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Definition
Anxiety
Dysthymia
Conduct problems
ADHD
Substance use disorder |
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Term
| Developmental Course (MDD) |
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Definition
Usually comes after onset of behavior disorders
Onset between 13 and 15
Episode lasts 8 months, with almost all eventually recovering; majority experience recurrences
Continue to experience adjustment and health problems and chronic stress
No gender differences pre-puberty, after girls to boys is 2:1 to 3:1 |
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Term
| Associated Characteristics (MDD) |
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Definition
Interference with academic performance
Feelings of worthlessness
Attributions of failure
Self-critical automatic thoughts
Depressive ruminative style
Pessimism
Hopelessness
Suicidal ideation
Low or unstable self-esteem
Few close friendships
Feelings of loneliness and isolation
Social withdrawal
Ineffective coping
Poor relations with parents and siblings |
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Term
| Genetic and family risk (MDD) |
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Definition
| Inherit vulnerability to depression and anxiety with environmental stressors needed for disorders to be expressed |
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Term
| Neurobiological influences (MDD) |
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Definition
May involve heightened stress reactions
Amygdala and hippocampus, HPA axis, sleep architecture, growth hormone, neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) |
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Term
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Definition
Display more anger and conflict
Greater use of control
Poorer communication
Over-involvement
Less warmth and support
More disorganization
Higher stress levels
Lack of social support |
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Term
| Stressful life events (MDD) |
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Definition
Associated with severe stressful life events
Triggers often involve interpersonal stress or actual or perceived personal losses |
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Term
| Emotion regulation theory (MDD) |
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Definition
Difficulty regulating negative emotions make child prone to depression
Avoidance or negative behavior may be used to regulate distress, rather than adaptive or problem-focused coping |
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Term
| Treatment - Cognitive Therapy (MDD) |
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Definition
| Teaches children to identify, challenge, and modify negative thought processes |
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Term
| Treatment- Behavior Therapy (MDD) |
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Definition
| Focuses on increasing pleasurable activities and events and providing youngster with skills necessary to obtain more reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
Involves integration of cognitive and behavioral therapies
Has shown most success in treating depression in young people |
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Term
| Treatment - Medications (MDD) |
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Definition
Tricyclic meds fail to demonstrate advantage over placebo
Prozac only FDA approved treatment of depression in children and use has increased dramatically |
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Term
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Definition
| CBT most effective at lowering risk for depression as well as preventing recurrence |
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Term
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Definition
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or less if hospitalization required)
Three or more symptoms persist during mood disturbance:
inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative than usual
Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
Distractibility
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consequences
Not mixed episode |
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Term
| Diagnostic Features of BP |
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Definition
Viewed as behavioral issues or teenage mood dysregulation
Many have psychotic features
Not characterized by acute onset
Euphoria and grandiosity are rare
May include exacerbations of mood states or ultrarapid mood shifts |
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Term
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Definition
Lots of diagnostic overlap with ADHD
Body of research argues ADHD is really juvenile bipolar |
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Term
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Definition
.4-1.2% lifetime estimate
Milder bipolar II and cyclothymic disorder more likely than bipolar I in youngsters
Rapid cycling more common in youngsters
Extremely rare in young children, increases after puberty
Affects males and females equally |
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Term
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Definition
Anxiety
ADHD
Conduct disorders
SUDs |
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Term
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Definition
25% onset before age 20
Peak onset 15-19
Depression appears first
Chronic and resistent to treatment, poor long-term prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
Must be multi-modal
Education of patient and family about illness
Medications
Psychotherapeutic interventions to address symptoms and related psychosocial impairments |
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Term
| 9 Anxiety Disorders of Childhood |
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Definition
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Social Phobia
Specific Phobia
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic human emotion characterized by diffuse, uncomfortable sense of apprehension and often accompanied by autonomic symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Intractability of anxiety
Pervasiveness of fear and avoidance
Degree of interference in the child's daily functioning |
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Term
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Definition
Physical - fight/flight, sympathetic nervous system
Cognitive - attentional shift and hypervigilance, nervousness, difficulty concentrating
Behavioral - aggression and/or avoidance |
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Term
| Prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| Associated Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
Cognitive deficits in memory, attention, speech, or language
Interference with academic performance
Hypervigilance to and avoidance of threatening stimuli
Misattribution of threat
Somatic complaints
Social withdrawal, loneliness, low self-esteem, difficulty with friendships
Strong relationship between depression and anxiety |
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Term
| Separation Anxiety Disorder Criteria |
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Definition
Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or those to whom individual is attached (requires three of following)
recurrent excessive distress when separation from home occurs or is anticipated
Persistent and excessive worry about losing attachment figures
Persistent and excessive worry that untoward event will lead to separation from attachment figure
Persistent reluctance or refusal to go to school or elsewhere because of fear of separation
Persistently fearful or reluctant to be alone
Persistent reluctance to go to sleep away from home or without attachment figure nearby
Repeated nightmares around fear of separation
Repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation occurs or is anticipated
Duration of disturbance must be four weeks
Onset before age 18.
Early onset if onset occurs before age 6 |
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Term
| Separation Anxiety Disorder General Info |
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Definition
Some level normal between 7months and 6 years
Occurs in 10% of children (equally common in boys and girls)
Has earliest onset of all anxiety disorders
Associated with school refusal and somatic complaints
1/3 comorbid GAD
Acute onset after stressor |
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Term
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Definition
Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations
Exposure almost invariably provokes anxiety |
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Term
| Social Phobia Criteria that Differ for Children |
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Definition
Don't need to recognize fear as excessive or unreasonable
May express anxiety via crying, tantrums, freezing, or shrinking from social situations, rather than panic attacks
Must be evidence for capacity for age-appropriate social relationships with familiar people, anxiety must occur with peers not just adults |
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Term
| Social Phobia Prevalence/Onset/Course |
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Definition
1-3% in children, slightly more common in girls
Age of onset early to mid-adolescence
Direct pathway to development of substance use disorder |
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Term
| Associated Factors (Social Phobia) |
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Definition
impairment in role functioning
Delayed or unstable marriage
Poor quality of life
Females more likely not to complete high school
Both genders likely to not complete college
increased risk of depression
Early parenthood |
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Term
| Specific Phobia Prevalence/Onset/Course/Features |
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Definition
2-4% of children; more boys
Peak onset between 10 and 13 (animal, insect, blood develop before 7)
Linked to depression and somatic complaints
Anticipatory anxiety |
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Term
| Specific Phobia Timeframe/Child-Specific Criteria |
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Definition
Children don't need to recognize fears as unreasonable
Duration must be at least 6 mos in children
Need to specify: animal type, natural environment type, blood-injection-injury type, situational type, other type |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
Excessive uncontrollable anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
SOmatic complaints
3-6% of children (1:1 boys:girls)
Late childhood/early adolescence onset
High co-morbidity with other anxiety disorders and depression |
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Term
|
Definition
Recurrent panic attacks, as well as concern about panic attacks
Onset 15-19 years
Worst prognosis of anxiety disorders |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Theory (anxiety) |
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Definition
| Anxiety and phobias defenses against unconscious conflicts rooted in early upbringing |
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Term
| Behavioral/Learning Theory (anxiety) |
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Definition
| Fears and anxieties learned through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning |
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Term
| Attachment theory (anxiety) |
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Definition
| Early insecure attachments lead children to view environment as undependable, unavailable, hostile, and threatening |
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Term
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Definition
Children born with low threshold for novel and unexpected stimuli are at greater risk for anxiety disorders (behavioral inhibition temperament)
Development of disorder in those predisposed depends on parental response |
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Term
| Family influences (anxiety) |
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Definition
Excessive parental control, overprotection, rejection, and modeling of anxious behaviors
Lower parental expectations for children's coping abilities
Low SES
Insecure early attachments |
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Term
| OCD Comorbidity/Onset/Prevalence/Timeframe |
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Definition
More than 1 hour per day
Resistant to reason
2-3% in children; 2:1 boys:girls
Onset 9-12
High co-morbidity with other anxiety disorders, depression, disruptive behavior problems
31% still had two years later
30-50% have Tourette's |
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Term
|
Definition
Behavior Therapy - exposure to feared stimulus, while providing new ways of coping
CBT - teaches modification of maladaptive thoughts to decrease symptoms
Medications can reduce symptoms, especially OCD
Family interventions may have longest lasting effects |
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Term
|
Definition
Impairments in social interaction
Impairments in communication
Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
Delays or abnormal functioning in social interaction, social communication, or symbolic play before age 3
6 total items, 2 social impairment, 1 communication impairment, 1 behavior pattern |
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Term
| Developmental Course Autism |
|
Definition
Diagnosed around age 4
Report in retrospect signs within first year
Diagnostic criteria appropriate for elementary aged children, doesn't follow change
Gradual improvements with age, generally lifelong condition |
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Term
| Lifespan Development Autism |
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Definition
Preschool - most classic autistic features shown
School age - social and behavioral problems more prominent
Adolescence - characterized by gains and losses in function, seizure onset may happen in 25%
Adulthood - 1-2% cases live independently and have more normal lifestyle, 33% have some degree of independence |
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